• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Chronic illness requiring attention and management during a long period of time puts great burden onto patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing social support is the most important, and the fundamental support comes from their spouses. Amount and quality of support from spouses seems to differentiated according to the sex of patients. Female patients tend to believe that their spouses are not very supportive. Therefore, the researchers assessed the burden of husbands of female arthritis patients to discover the factors that result in greater burden. Also, they developed a theoretical model of husbands′ care for their wives through a qualitative research into husbands′ experience. Method 1: The study material was 650 female arthritis patients registered in an arthritis clinic. The questionnaire about the disease experience of female arthritis patients and the burden of husbands were sent. Returned questionnaires numbered 210(32.3%) and 27 were excluded because of inadequate answers. The remaining 183 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 51 years and the mean age of spouses was 55 years. The mean marital period was 28 years. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.1 years. Education level was varied from primary school to graduate school, and average income/month was 1,517,300 won. Method 2: Initial questionnaire studies on the burden of husbands were performed. Among 183 responding husbands, 23 consented to participate for a qualitative research. Data was obtained by direct and telephone interviews. The mean age of participants was 58 years, and the educational level and socioeconomic status also varied. Result: 1. Husbands′ burden: The average burden was 57.68 with a range of 6-96. 2. Burden and general characteristics: The husband′s burden correlated with the age of the patients, numbers in the family, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and the husband′s understanding of the level of severity. 3. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands′ burden is explained in 22.5% by husband′s recognition of level of severity and husbands′ age. 4. There were four patterns of the burden on husbands: both objectve burden and subjective burden were high(pattern I), both of objectve burden and subjective burden were low(pattern II), objective burden was high but subjective burden was low(pattern III), objective burden was low but subjective burden was high(pattern IV). The pattern was correlated with the family income, educational level of the patients and their husbands, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and husband′s understanding of level of severity. 5. The core category of the caring experience of the husbands with arthritis patients was "companionship". The causal factor was the patients′ experience due to symptoms : physical disfigurement, pain, immobility, limitation of house chores, and limitation of social activities. Contextural factors are husbands′ identification of housework and husbands′ concern about the disease. The mediating factors are economic problems, fear of aging, feeling of limitation and family support. The strategy for interaction is mind control and how to solve emotional stress. The "companionship" resulted from caring activities, participation of household activities, helping patients′ to coping with emotional experience. 6. Companionship is established through the process of entering intervention, and caring state of mind. Entering intervention is the phase of participation of therapy and involvement of houseworks. The caring phase consists of decision on therapy, providing therapy, providing direct care, and taking over the household role of wife. Through caring phase, the changing phase set a stage in which husbands consolidate the relationship with their wives, and are reminded of the meaning of marriage. As a result, in changing phase, husbands′ companionship is enhanced. In conclusion, nursing care of chronic illnesses should include a family member especially the spouse. All information on disease shoud be provided to patients and whole family member. Strong support should also be provided to overcome difficulties in taking over role of other sex. Then the quality of life of patients and families will be much improved.

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 2003년도 하계학술발표회
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• pp.60-61
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• 2003

A new approach to reduce the computation time of genetic algorithm (GA) for making binary phase holograms is described. Synthesized holograms having diffraction efficiency of 75.8% and uniformity of 5.8% are proven in computer simulation and experimentally demonstrated. Recently, computer-generated holograms (CGHs) having high diffraction efficiency and flexibility of design have been widely developed in many applications such as optical information processing, optical computing, optical interconnection, etc. Among proposed optimization methods, GA has become popular due to its capability of reaching nearly global. However, there exits a drawback to consider when we use the genetic algorithm. It is the large amount of computation time to construct desired holograms. One of the major reasons that the GA' s operation may be time intensive results from the expense of computing the cost function that must Fourier transform the parameters encoded on the hologram into the fitness value. In trying to remedy this drawback, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been put forward, allowing CGHs to be created easily and quickly (1), but the quality of reconstructed images is not high enough to use in applications of high preciseness. For that, we are in attempt to find a new approach of combiningthe good properties and performance of both the GA and ANN to make CGHs of high diffraction efficiency in a short time. The optimization of CGH using the genetic algorithm is merely a process of iteration, including selection, crossover, and mutation operators [2]. It is worth noting that the evaluation of the cost function with the aim of selecting better holograms plays an important role in the implementation of the GA. However, this evaluation process wastes much time for Fourier transforming the encoded parameters on the hologram into the value to be solved. Depending on the speed of computer, this process can even last up to ten minutes. It will be more effective if instead of merely generating random holograms in the initial process, a set of approximately desired holograms is employed. By doing so, the initial population will contain less trial holograms equivalent to the reduction of the computation time of GA's. Accordingly, a hybrid algorithm that utilizes a trained neural network to initiate the GA's procedure is proposed. Consequently, the initial population contains less random holograms and is compensated by approximately desired holograms. Figure 1 is the flowchart of the hybrid algorithm in comparison with the classical GA. The procedure of synthesizing a hologram on computer is divided into two steps. First the simulation of holograms based on ANN method [1] to acquire approximately desired holograms is carried. With a teaching data set of 9 characters obtained from the classical GA, the number of layer is 3, the number of hidden node is 100, learning rate is 0.3, and momentum is 0.5, the artificial neural network trained enables us to attain the approximately desired holograms, which are fairly good agreement with what we suggested in the theory. The second step, effect of several parameters on the operation of the hybrid algorithm is investigated. In principle, the operation of the hybrid algorithm and GA are the same except the modification of the initial step. Hence, the verified results in Ref [2] of the parameters such as the probability of crossover and mutation, the tournament size, and the crossover block size are remained unchanged, beside of the reduced population size. The reconstructed image of 76.4% diffraction efficiency and 5.4% uniformity is achieved when the population size is 30, the iteration number is 2000, the probability of crossover is 0.75, and the probability of mutation is 0.001. A comparison between the hybrid algorithm and GA in term of diffraction efficiency and computation time is also evaluated as shown in Fig. 2. With a 66.7% reduction in computation time and a 2% increase in diffraction efficiency compared to the GA method, the hybrid algorithm demonstrates its efficient performance. In the optical experiment, the phase holograms were displayed on a programmable phase modulator (model XGA). Figures 3 are pictures of diffracted patterns of the letter "0" from the holograms generated using the hybrid algorithm. Diffraction efficiency of 75.8% and uniformity of 5.8% are measured. We see that the simulation and experiment results are fairly good agreement with each other. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network have been successfully combined in designing CGHs. This method gives a significant reduction in computation time compared to the GA method while still allowing holograms of high diffraction efficiency and uniformity to be achieved. This work was supported by No.mOl-2001-000-00324-0 (2002)) from the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.

• 의료법학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.41-72
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• 2018

분업적 의료행위에 있어서 관여자들에 대한 의료과실을 인정함에 있어서는 그의 형사 책임을 제한하거나 또는 형사책임을 적절히 분배할 필요성이 있다. 본 논문은 분업적 의료행위에 있어서 의료인의 주의의무위반에 대한 판단기준과 이를 제한하는 규칙을 다루고 있다. 의료행위에 있어서 주의의무위반에 대한 판단기준으로 객관설이 타당함을 논증하였다. 주의의무를 판단함에 있어서 행위자 개인에게 최상의 주의의무 또는 완벽한 주의의무를 요구하는 것도 도덕적 요청으로는 의미가 있을지 모르지만, 법질서가 요구하는 수준은 사회적으로 상당한 수준 또는 '정상의' 주의의무라고 해석하는 것이 타당하다. 과실기준을 객관화함으로 개인이 책임을 지는 한계의 상한을 설정해줌으로써 개인에게 지나친 부담을 안겨주는 것을 방지하고 평등의 원칙에도 부합한다. 구체적 사례에 있어서 의료과실을 판단하는 경우에도 고려해야 할 표지를 설명하였다. 의료행위는 일반적 과실과는 다르게 전문성, 재량성과 같은 특수성, 정보의 편중성과 독점성이 있기 때문이다. 일반적 의학수준, 긴급성과 의료설비와 같은 의료환경과 조건, 의료행위의 전문성, 의료행위의 재량성에 대하여 검토하였다. 주의의무를 제한하는 규칙으로 허용된 위험의 이론과 신뢰의 원칙을 검토하였다. 수평적 분업관계에서는 신뢰의 원칙이 적용된다. 같은 병원 의사들이 각각 전문분야를 가지는 경우, 다른 병원 의사들 사이의 관계의 경우에는 원칙적으로 신뢰의 원칙이 적용된다. 그러나 예외적으로 신뢰의 원칙이 적용될 수 없는 경우도 존재한다. 수직적 분업관계에서는 신뢰의 원칙이 적용되지 않으며 상급자는 하급자를 신뢰할 수 없다. 이 경우 상급자는 하급자에 대한 위험감독의무로 전환된다. 관리의무는 임의적·간헐적 심사(stichprobenartige Überprüfungen)를 하는 것으로 충분하다고 생각한다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2007

Many historical research and facet about modern art in Indonesia which formulating background of contemporary Indonesian Art. Indonesian art critic Sanento Yuliman states that Modern art has been rapidly developing in Indonesia since the Indonesian Independence in 1945. Modern Art is a part of the super culture of the Indonesian metropolitan and is closely related to the contact between the Indonesian and Western Cultures. Its birth was part of the nationalism project, when the Indonesian people consists of various ethnics were determined to become a new nation, the Indonesian nation, and they wished for a new culture, and therefore, a new art. The period 1960s, which was the beginning of the creation and development of the painters and the painters associations, was the first stage of the development of modern art in Indonesia. The second stage showed the important role of the higher education institutes for art. These institutes have developed since the 1950s and in the 1970s they were the main education institutes for painters and other artists. The artists awareness of the medium, forms or the organization of shapes were encouraged more intensely and these encouraged the exploring and experimental attitudes. Meanwhile, the information about the world's modern art, particularly Western Art; was widely and rapidly spread. The 1960s and 1970s were marked by the development of various abstractions and abstract art and the great number of explorations in various new media, like the experiment with collage, assemblage, mixed media. The works of the Neo Art Movement-group in the second half of the 1970s and in the 1980s shows environmental art and installations, influenced by the elements of popular art, from the commercial world and mass media, as well as the involvement of art in the social and environmental affairs. The issues about the environment, frequently launched by the intellectuals in the period of economic development starting in the 1970s, echoed among the artists, and they were widened in the social, art and cultural circles. The Indonesian economic development following the important change in the 1970s has caused a change in the life of the middle and upper class society, as has the change in various aspects of a big city, particularly Jakarta. The new genre emerged in 1975 which indicates contemporary art in Indonesia, when a group of young artists organized a movement, which was widely known as the Indonesian New Art Movement. This movement criticized international style, universalism and the long standing debate on an east-west-dichotomy. As far as the actual practice of the arts was concerned the movement criticized the domination of the art of painting and saw this as a sign of stagnation in Indonesian art development. Based on this criticism 'the movement' introduced ready-mades and installations (Jim Supangkat). Takes almost two decades that the New Art Movement activists were establishing Indonesian Installation art genre as contemporary paradigm and influenced the 1980's gene ration like, FX Harsono, Dadang Christanto, Arahmaiani, Tisna Sanjaya, Diyanto, Andarmanik, entering the 1990's decade as "rebellion period" ; reject towards established aesthetic mainstream i.e. painting, sculpture, graphic art which are insufficient to express "new language" and artistic needs especially to mediate social politic and cultural situation. Installation Art which contains open possibilities of creation become a vehicle for aesthetic establishment rejection and social politics stagnant expression in 1990s. Installation art accommodates two major field; first, the rejection of aesthetic establishment has a consequences an artists quest for medium; deconstruction models and cross disciplines into multi and intermedia i.e. performance, music, video etc. Second aspect is artists' social politic intention for changes, both conclude as characteristics of Indonesian Installation Art and establishing the freedom of expression in contemporary Indonesian Art until today.

• 철학연구
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• 제131권
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• pp.223-244
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• 2014

이 논문에서 필자는 "주역"을 점서가 아니라 철학적 수양서로서 해석한다. 본래 "주역"은 점을 치기 위해 만들어진 점서였지만, 그 외에 인문학의 담론을 생산하는 풍부한 원천이었다. 왜냐하면 독특한 언어적 상징체계를 가지고 있기 때문이다. "주역"의 괘효(卦爻) 체계는 수많은 상징적 기능을 가졌는데 그것은 철학적으로나 문화적으로 새롭게 해석될 수 있는 여지가 너무나 많다. 그래서 "주역"은 어떤 내용이나 사건에도 대입이 가능하고 그럼으로써 우리가 직면하고 있는 인생의 문제들을 해결하는 데 많은 도움을 줄 수 있다. 더욱이 "주역"의 독특한 특성은 그것을 읽고 해석하는 사람의 적극적 개입에서 매우 잘 드러난다. 바로 칼 구스타프 융이 이러한 적극적 개입을 통해 "주역"을 해석해야 한다고 주장한 사람이다. 그는 리하르트 빌헬름이 번역한 "주역"의 서문에서 '동시성(同時性)'을 적용한 "주역"해석의 가능성을 언급하고 있다. 그에 따르면, "주역"은 미래를 예측하거나 정해진 운명을 말해주는 것이 아니라 자기 자신을 돌아보게 하거나 스스로 문제의 해답을 찾아내는 자료(自療)이다. 그것은 단순히 점친 결과물이 아니라 점치는 행위를 통해서 질문자 스스로 괘효 사(卦爻 辭)에 대한 해석을 하도록 한다. 그는 주어진 괘효 사(卦爻 辭)에서 자신의 문제의 해답을 스스로 찾아내는 일에 '동시성(同時性)'을 적용하고 있다. 동시성(同時性)이란, "의미 있는 우연의 일치 현상을 설명하는 무인과적(無因果的) 연관의 원리"이다. 즉, 동시성(同時性)이란 인과율에서 뜻하는 우연성과는 달리 '의미 있는 우연의 일치'를 뜻한다. 그는 동시성(同時性)을 통해서, 괘상(卦象)에서 도출된 점괘는 점치는 인간 혹은 점의 결과를 받는 인간이 가진 일정한 상황 하에서 무의식의 심리 상태가 밖에 투영된 것이라는 이론을 제시한다. 이러한 융의 해석은 상징적 언어를 사용하는 "주역"의 의미전달 방식이 직접적이지 않고 간접적이기 때문이다. "주역"의 상징적 언어체계의 목적은 객관적 지식의 전달이 아니라 독자 자신의 자기 변화에 있다. 바로 이런 점이 임상철학적으로 적용될 수 있다. 일상에서 삶의 고민과 고통들에 처한 사람들은 "주역"에서 어떤 괘효사(卦爻 辭)를 고르든 그것에서 자신에게 의미 있고 유익한 조언을 찾을 수 있다. 그것은 본래 자신의 내면 속에 잠재되어 있던 것인데, "주역"의 괘효상(卦爻 象)이나 괘효사(卦爻 辭)를 통해 구체적으로 드러난 것일 뿐이기 때문이다. 바로 이런 의미에서 우리는 "주역"으로부터 괘효(卦爻)의 상(象)이나 사(辭)가 담고 있는 의미를 자신의 상황 속에서 연결시켜 자신에게 필요한 조언 혹은 충고를 스스로 읽어 내어 자기화하면서 자신을 변화시키고 치유하는 하는 힘을 가질 수 있게 된다. 그리고 바로 이점을 "주역"이 가지고 있는 중요한 역할 중의 하나라고 평가할 수 있겠다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.699-715
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• 1996

이 연구는 지리의 기본개념중의 하나인 '장소' 개념을 중심으로 하여, 이 개념의 사실인지측면과 가치판단측면이 어떻게 형성되는지 그리고 그것이 질적으로 구분되는 인지단계를 가지고 있는지를 밝히려고 하였다. 연구대상은 5세에서 14세에 이르는 도시 아동 및 학생으로 연령별로 남. 여 각각 100명, 총 200명이 선정되었다. 먼저 '장소' 개념의 사실인지측면은 입지감, 장소에 대한 지식, 지기적 영역감으로 3구분하고, 가치판단측면에서는 장소에 대한 감정, 장소에 대한 호기심, 장소에의 소속감으로 3구분하여 6가지의 하위내용영역을 중심으로 개념의 6가지 측면을 바탕으로 개념발달과정을 설명할 9개의 변수(준거이용 집, 학교, 동 입지시키기, 장소선호, 장소혐오, 장소호기심, 동 및 시 소속감, 장소 포 섭 관 계 인 식)를 사용하여 군집분석(Cluster analysis)을 실시하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서는 장소개념의 발달과정이 다음과 같은 4단계로 나타남을 확인하였다. 1단계(5-7세): 장소개념의 6가지 측면 모두에서 낮은 수준을 보이는 학생들(군집 I)만이 있는 단계이다. 2단계(8-9새): 1단계의 주를 이루었던 모든 측면에서 낮은 인식수준을 보이는 학생들(군집 II)과 장소의 포섭관계, 집입지, 학교입지, 시에 대한 소속감, 장소에 대한 호기심의 측면에서 1단계의 학생집단보다 높은 수준을 보이는 학생들(군집 II)이 같은 비율로 나타나는 단계이다. 3단계(10세): 점이적인 단계로서 장소의 포섭관계, 집입지, 학교입지, 시에 대한 소속감, 장소에 대한 호기심의 측면에서 1단계의 학생보다 높은 수준을 보이는 학생들(집단 III)이 거의 대부분을 차지하는 단계이다. 4단계(11-14세): 군집 II 에 속하는 학생들이 일부가 있으나, 동입지 및 범위인지, 학교입지, 장소에 대한 선호, 장소호기심의 측면에서 군집 II보다 장소개념에 대한 인지수준이 높은 군집 III 에 속하는 학생들이 대부분을 차지하는 단계이다. 이를 통해볼 때, 유치원 2학년과 초등학교 1학년간에는 차이가 없으며, 더욱이 초등학교 5, 6학년과 중학교 1,2 학년간에는 차이가 거의 없는 것을 알 수 있다. 오히려 장소 개념의 발달에 있어서 중요한 변화를 가져오는 시기는 초등학교 2학년(8세), 4학년(10세), 5학년(11세)라고 할 수 있다. 결국 이 연구에서 확인된 5세-14세의 한국 도시 아동 및 학생에 있어서 장소 개념의 발달은 Piaget가 제시한 인지발달단계론에 따라 나타나고 있다고 하겠다. 즉 5세에서 7세에 이르는 전조작기의 전개념기와 7세-11.5세의 구체적 조작기, 그리고 11.5세의 형식적 조작기로 나아가면서 인지발달의 변화를 보이고 있다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.75-82
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• 1994

해수내에서 수중음파의 전파경로 및 도달시간은 해수의 물리적 성질에 의해 커다란 영향을 받는다. 최근의 해양탐사 방법의 하나인 해양음향 토모그래피는 음원과 수신기 사이의 음파 도달시간 차이로부터 해수의 물리적 특성(주로 음속, 수온, 해류변동)을 파악하는 방법이다. 해양음향 토모그래피에 의한 해양탐사를 수행하기 위해서는 비균질 매질에서의 음파전파 모델을 이용하여 매질변동에 따른 음파의 전파경로 및 도달시간 등의 파악이 우선이다. 또한 수신신호는 음파 전파경로의 식별, 매질변동에 따른 수신신호의 안정성, 그리고 주위잡음과 음원신호를 구별하기 위한 분해능 등을 만족하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 동해에서 해양음향 토모그래피에 의한 해양탐사의 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 기존의 관측자료로부터 표준해양을 설정하여 음파의 도달시간 및 전파경로의 기준으로 정하였다. 동해의 표준해양의 특성은 표층의 음속이 약 1523 m/s이고 최소음속층인 400 m층의 음속이 약 1458 m/s이다. 동해 의 수중음속 변동은 직경 100 km 이상인 중규모 난수성 소용돌이 출현으로 인하여 매우 심한데 수심 200 m 정도까지 확장하여 존재한다. 음원과 수신기의 수심을 최소음속층보다 약간 상층인 350 m수심에 두고 수평거리가 200 km떨어진 표준해양과 소용돌이 음속구조에 대한 음파 전파특성을 파악하였다. 사용된 모델은 음선이론에 근거한 비균질매질에서의 음파전파 모델이며, 이를 이용하여 eigenray 정보를 산출하였으며, 중심주파수가 400 Hz, 주파수폭이 16 Hz, 펄스 길이가 64 ms인 LFM 펄스를 가진 가상적인 음원신호를 설정하여 수신신호를 모의하였다. 수신신호 모의 결과와 수치모델에 의한 동해에서의 음파 전파특성 결과는 해양음향 토모그래피 운용을 위한 필수적인 음파 전파경로의 식별, 매질변동에 따른 안정성, 그리고 주위잡음과 음원신호의 구별을 위한 분해능을 만족한다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 1998

치매에서의 뇌파 연구는 주로 주파수 분석과 지형화 분석을 이용하여 정량화하는 것을 위주로 진행되어 왔으나, 이러한 선형적 분석은 뇌파와 같이 복잡한 신호를 분석하는 것에는 한계가 있었다. 최근 새로운 패러다임인 카오스 이론에 근거를 두고 뇌파를 비선형적으로 측정하는 방법이 소개되고 있다. 본 연구는 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자의 뇌파 신호를 최대 양수 리아프노프 지수를 이용하여 비선형적으로 분석하는 것이 가능한 가를 알아보고 그 결과를 대조군과 비교해보기 위하여 시도되었다. 3명의 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자와 3명의 대조군에서 뇌파 신호를 받아 디지털화한 후에 비선형 분석법 중 하나인 최대 양수 리아프노프 지수를 산출하였다. 알쯔하이머형 치매군은 전체 15개의 전극 부위 중 8곳의 전극 부위에서 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 최대 양수 리아프노프 지수를 나타내었다. 각 두뇌 영역별 및 반구별 분석에서도 알쯔하이머형 치매군이 대조군에 비하여 전 두뇌 영역에서 최대 양수 리아프노프 지수가 유의하게 낮았다. 이에 따라 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자의 뇌파를 비선형적 분석하여 조사한 이들 두뇌의 카오스적 성상이 감소되어 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 향후 뇌파의 비선형적 분석인 리아프노프 지수 산출이 두뇌 기능을 조사하는 데에 유용한 새로운 방법이 될 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.324-340
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• 1990

Support has always been considered an important nursing concept. However, there is no agreement among nurse researchers as to a conceptual definition of supportive nursing or meaningful supportive behaviors. Clarification of the concept, support in nursing, is necessary to promote communication among nurses on nursing behaviors that are effective in providing support and on understanding the relevant properties and charcteristics of the concept, supportive nursing care. The objectives of the study were : 1. to analyse the concept, support in nursing, in order to provide a definition of supportive nursing care, and 2. to operationalize the definition of supportive nursing care and use it as an experimental nursing intervention for patients with low back pain. The first part of the study used the concept analysis approach developed by Walker and Avant(1983) to define the concept of supportive nursing care. The properties of supportive nursing care, defined by this analysis, included perception of supportive need, reciprocal interaction(Transaction), listening, providing empathy and information related to health, and confirmation of the patient's verbal and non - verbal response. The second part, the experimental part of the study, was done using King's(1970) Interpersonal Theory for Nursing. The concept, supportive nursing care, as defined in the concept analysis was operationalized and used as the experimental intervention. The experiment tested the effectiveness of the independent variable, supportive nursing care on the dependent variables, depression, mood and patient satisfaction, in the patients with low back pain in army hospitals. The instruments used to measure the dependent variables were Zung's(1965) Self- Rating Depression Scale, Ryman and Colleagues'(1974) Mood Questionnaire and LaMonica and Colleagues'(1986) Patient Satisfaction Scale. The experimental design used for this study was a Solomon 4 group experimental design. This design has the strength of allowing for observation of the main effects of supportive nursing care and pretesting, and for observation of the interaction effects of pretesting and supportive nursing care. The design includes one experimental group and three control groups. The Subjects of this study were 150 young male patients with low back pain on Neuro - Surgical Wards in three general army hospitals. There were 35 in the experimental group, 39 in the pre - posttest control group, 36 in the treatment - posttest control group and 40 in the posttest only control group. Supportive nursing care, as operationalized by the researcher according to the concept analysis, was given to the patients in the experimental group and the treatment -posttest control group, individually for 30 minute sessions, every other day for 5 days. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were collected in a pretest one week before the supportive nursing care sessions, a posttest immediately after the sessions and follow- up test one week later. Hypotheses testing was done using 2×2 factorial analysis of variance and Meta analysis(Stouffer's Z method). The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Hypothesis Ⅰ, “There will be a difference on depression level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝8.49, p＜.05). 2. Hypothesis Ⅱ, “There will be a difference on mood level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who to not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (Z meta＝2.17, p＜.05). 3. Hypothesis Ⅲ, “There will be a difference on satisfaction level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝13.67, p＜.05). 4. ANOVA, done to examine the interaction effect of history and maturation, showed no significant difference on the dependent variables between the observations of the pretest scores of the experimental group, the pretest scores of the pre- posttest control group and the posttest score of the posttest only control group. 5. To test for continuing effect of supportive nursing care, paired t-test was done to compare the scores for the dependent variables at the posttest and at the one week later follow-up test. No significant difference on the scores for the dependent variables was found between the posttest scores and the follow-up test scores for the two groups that received supportive nursing care, the experimental group and the treatment-posttest control group. In conclusion, it was found that in the case of young soldiers with low back pain in army hospitals, their depression level was decreased, their mood state was changed positively and their satisfaction level was increased by receiving supportive nursing care. Further, the effectiveness of the supportive nursing care lasted for at least one week in this study. The significance of this study to nursing is in the analysis of the concept of supportive nursing care and the demonstration of the effectiveness of supportive nursing care as an intervention within the limits of the study.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.161-178
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• 1998

In spite of the great progress of the theory and skill of the Nursing Care & Medical area in relation to pregnancy, nurses in clinics face up to many challenges in maternity nursing care areas. The reason is that the mobility and mortality of mothers was sharply decreased and the unknown high-risk diseases of pregnancy woman in the past is made public. That's why it is difficult to meet the pregnancy woman in natural process from pregnancy to delivery in recently. Admission rooms are filled with high-risk pregnancy women. As a matter of fact, we have done nursing care into the surface symptoms and diseases of high-risk pregnancy women so far. We have been indifferent to a long period hospitalization, separation from family, and conflict of repeated examination. Therefore, it is widely spread to understand the emotional conflict experienced by high-risk pregnancy women and to need for nursing intervention to bring up about emotional support and the ability of perception in psychological crisis. Although the pregnancy woman judged in high-risk should carry out normal task of pregnancy, she have to be confronted with secondary risk situation. The health of self & fetus threatened by the risk situation could be decreased through care plan, but psychological stress increases. Therefore, the pregnancy brings into non-control state. It is important to ask that what the hospitalized pregnancy women in high-risk think of themselves status. Because misunderstanding or serious anxiety of themselves status put into mother and fetus in danger. And adaptation mode makes all the difference. I would like to consider how nurses could deal with this high-risk circumstances in the position of pregnancy woman on the basis of the above fact. This study uses phenomenological method to suggest the basis material for nurses to do nursing intervention in view of pregnancy woman. Because this method understands the nature of true life of pregnancy woman throughly. The phenomenological method is the sources to describe or explain affluently the process generated in confirmation areas and environment and is the application for readers to understand and recognize clinic reality and then apply this method to reasoning study place or other places. Specifically, the phenomenon study method, one of the phenomenological method, is applied. The use of that method is to describe and generalize the experience in environment exactly. The study of this study is as follows : Among 187 descriptive stamens from 8 study participants are classified into 42 theme cluster at the stage of the first analysis. Those theme is categorized into 8 sub-subjects such as anxiety of uncertainty, foreknowledge about risk circumstance, will power about overcome, unsettled feeling about hospital, relief, optimistic thought, family support, and indifferences. At the last stage of analysis, those things are categorized into 3 subjects. When high-risk pregnancy woman foretell the situation, they feel unsettlement about uncertainty and untrust feeling about hospital. But they are ease with family support and hospital support. On the other hand, they express indifferent 3-way structure response to the situation having will of overcome and exceeding optimistic thought. In those statements, the experience by pregnancy woman shows 3 respect subjects. 1. They are anxious of this situation and are in desperation and don't recognize their role to be carried out 2. They think of this situation as normal process of pregnancy and are not concerned that this can give themselves and fetus fatal damage. 3. The pregnancy women will never confront this situation. This study shows the pregnancy woman has anxiety and optimistic relief about the situation, and ignores and optimistic relief about the situation, and ignores many things. Therefore, nurses in clinic should give pregnancy woman knowledge and information about the high-risk and help them to deal with the situation spontaneously. High-risk pregnancy woman should have the care plan in respect of the right perception. And the nurse know that their support help out pregnancy woman overcome the crisis in this respect of the special nursing intervention.