• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.217-227
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• 1994

The Korean clothing industry according to historical documents has a long and deep history. We can deduce the fact that cloth in material was self reliant during the pre-historic period. Although we can not find evidence of clothing material trade from the Three Kingdom era we find active trade with Kang, Jin of China and Japan followed by the spread of Korean clothing material manufacturing skills to Japan. Meanwhile the actual progress of the clothing industry came with the manufacture of cotton stuff in the Koryo era and the official and unofficial trade which brought import and export activity to Korea. Also the manufacture of clothing material by women labor although backward as it may be can be seen as stroug evidence that women labor continuously kept up the development of Korean industry. After the Koryo dynasty trade in clothing material and other clothing items contined with other nations. In conclusion we must not think that the Korean clothing industry started active development from the Chosun dynasty. It is important that we realize this fact and looking at the continuous progress of the Korean clothing industry through historical documents from early history to the Chosun era we rightly evaluate history and be proud of this legacy and also reevaluate the wrong views held before.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.27
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• pp.83-102
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• 2006

The Suchon-ri tomb No. 1 is the earliest one among the Suchon-ri tombs excavated in 2003. The Suchon-ri tomb No. 1 yielded a number of valuable artifacts furnished with burial goods such as gilt bronze items of a crown, a pair of earrings and shoes and a loop-handled sword with inlaid silver decoration. In particular, a loop-handled sword drew scholarly attention in that it showed characteristics of Baekje such as wave patterns on a silver plate decorated in the handle and sheath and inlaid dragon design on the loop-handle. In the process of the reproducing the loop-handled sword, classification methods of the loop-handled swords, iconography decorated on the swords, unearthed loop-handled swords of the Three Kingdoms Period have been investigated along with studying the reproduction cases in Japan. In addition to the study focused on the shape of the swords, manufacturing techniques have been thoroughly analyzed through scientific methods. Finally, based on the synthesis of a series of studies and analyses, traditional manufacturing techniques employed by Baekje artisans had been inferred and a replica of the loop-handled sword was manufactured with the traditional methods.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 1995

The wooden pagoda was first appeared in about late 4th century in Korea. And between the late 6th century and the eary 7th centry, the multistoried wooden pagoda was replaced with the stone pagodas, in order to improve their stability and durability. In Three-kingdom and Unificated-Silla period, there are two types of stone stupas in Korea. The one is Paekche(百濟)style, and the other is Silla(新羅) style stone pagoda. These two styles are basically different in each part like podium, roof stone, body stone, structure and the others. Two types of stupas are distributed in two regions which devided into the East(Silla territory) and West(Paekche territory) in the Korean peninsular. The origin of the Korean stone pagoda can be traced to the Paekche dynasty and Silla dynasty. The former were the result of the careful study of their skillful wooden pagodas, where the latter were actualy originated from copying their sundried brick pagodas with stone. Two important pagodas of the primitive stage are the stone pagoda of Miruksa(彌勒寺) temple in Iksan and Bunhwangsa(芬皇寺) temple in Kyungju. These two pagodas are compared with each other in the style of their construction. Silla style have sharp straight lines and short distance between roof stone and eaves. They give us strong as well as intelletural feeling. Howerever, Paekche style has curved lines and dull angles of cutting area of stone, they give us soft feeling.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.203-212
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• 2021

Theoretically, economic growth necessitates financial liberalization. Thus, the current research examines the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth in emerging nations, with a particular focus on Egypt and Saudi Arabia. To determine this effect, the study employs a model that uses Gross Domestic Product growth as the dependent variable and the following macroeconomic variables as financial liberalization indices: Broad money as a percentage of GDP, Domestic bank credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP, Monetary sector credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP, Net inflows of foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP. All data is annual data of Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period 1970-2018 obtained from the World Bank open data website. The empirical investigation employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The findings indicate that, after more than three decades of implementation, both countries' financial and external liberalization policies do not have a favorable effect on their economies' growth rates. Additionally, this study has led us to conclude that any financial liberalization policy in both countries must be preceded by the strengthening of these countries' financial development and institutional frameworks, as well as the achievement of macroeconomic stability.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.479-484
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• 2001

Gyong-gi province has been the political, social, economical center of Korea since the three Kingdom period, Koryo, Chosun dynasty. As a result, the area enjoys abundant local food culture. However, due to the truce line going through the province, it was divided into northern and southern region. Development of the northern Gyong-gi province has been restricted because of security and defence reasons. So, even though it has kept abundant local food heritage compared to other regions. local food products have not been fully developed. Furthermore, as bed towns of Seoul and new towns are constructed in this region, traditional and local culture has been vanished gradually and the regional uniqueness is disappearing. This report focuses on identifying unique local foods of northern Gyong-gj province where tourist site development is limited and finding out how to utilize these as international tourism resource in the 21$\^$th/ century, the era of reunified Korea. Now, we need to seek ways to overcome the current difficulties and utilize the heritage of food culture and develop It in a form that suits the taste of modern consumers.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 2015

This study analyzes traditional form and figurative characteristics of Ottchil Painting based on objective relics about long lasted Ottchil Painting and related literature as our country's national culture. Study range is among Lolang (Nangnang), Three Kingdom Dynastys (Koguryo, Baekje and Shilla), Unified Shilla Dynasty, Koryo Dynasty, Joseon Dynasty, Modern times and Contemporary. The method of study is after theoretical consideration of Ottchil Painting through related literature, adduced figurative characteristics of related Ottchil Painting by time period with case-study methods such as excavated relics and historical basis. Ottchil Painting consists of color, which is derived from Ottchil mixed with a mineral pigment of powder and various patterns and drawings using different techniques. The methods of Ottchil Painting are Myohoi, Yanggam, Gakhoik, Younma, Balsoa and Toiso. The techniques of Ottchil Painting of our country is established by splendid and unique for about 1,600 years revolved around Myochilchaehoi technique and Myoyuchaehoi technique started at Unified Shill a Daynasty and through Koryo, Joseon Dynasty, Modern times and Contemporary. Also, such this Ottchil Painting form of red in the inside and black in the outside, which is wood based, the rest is bamboo sheath and framework from Geonchil based and the figurative characteristics presented the traditional Patterns of Lotus, Phoenix, arabesque, bird, animal, cloud, marble and letter with red Ottchil, yellow Ottchil, or five colors Ottchil.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 1992

In this study the foundation methods which our ancestors, through a historical age as early as three kingdom's period, adopted for their civil structures and buildings have been reviewed by investigating the discovered relics. It is shown that they already, from about 2000 years ago, had applied various foundation techniques considering the structure types and the foundation soil conditions. The ancient foundation methods are categorized as artificially laid alternating soil and boulder layers under heavy structures, compacted soil base under wide loaded area, stone column under pillars of buildings, stacked long stone footing for special buildings such as palace buildings, and piling for bridges, They are analyzed with respect to current foundation techniques.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.19
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• pp.109-132
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• 1998

According to excavation of Imdang site, these sites were excavated place to a various of sites from Early lron period to the Koryo Kingdom. Artifacts to be conserved were excavated from A, D and E district. Metal artifacts were excavated from D and E district and lacquer ware artifacts were excavated from Adistrict. Metal artifacts including lacquer ware iron sword, imitative bronze mirror, Osujen and bronze artifact with letter and so on. Bronze artifacts were covered with soil and rust and performed consolidation after passivation treatment with Benzotriazole solution. Also, iron artifacts performed desalting treatment with 0.1M sesquicarbonate solution. After desalinization, adhesive of these artifacts were processed with Araldite(rapid type) after consolidation with20%∼30% NAD-10 solution. Lacquer ware artifacts remained fragments of lacquer to be all corroded and soiled. Therefore these artifacts retained its original form. Fragments of lacquer joined with Caparol 1%∼3% solution and the soil of relics coated with PSNY 3%∼6% solution. There were many kinds of lacquer were. Lacquer ware artifacts presumed to a string instrument that provide important clues for lacquer ware research. As for lacquer fragments inquire, paints grain size were $2∼5\mum$ and conformed to vanished three times.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.24-55
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• 2010

Jangmyeongdeung Lantern (貞陵長明燈) refers to the stone lantern placed in front of the royal tomb. It serves both symbolic and decorative purposes; symbolic because it is supposed to guard and illuminate the buried, and decorative because it is a work of sculpture that adorns the entire graveyard. The Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung was the earliest stone lantern to be produced during the Joseon period. Its square shape is unique among those from the early to mid-Joseon period. The three major parts of Jangmyeongdeung - the stand, the lantern, and the roof-shaped cover parts - are square in shape, differing from the octagonal shaped Jangmyeongdeung. The stand consists of three single stone blocks, the Hadaeseok(下臺石), Ganjuseok(竿柱石), and Sangdaeseok(上臺石). The Hwasaseok(火舍石), or the lantern part, is also a single stone block. Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung succeeds the style of those of Hyeon-neung and Jeongneung(玄正陵) of the Goryeo period and is of a better artistic quality. As the first Jangmyeongdeung lantern, it is a refined work of art that marks the foundation of the Joseon Kingdom. This paper tries to ascertain the stylistic origin of the square-shaped Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung and compare it with those of Buddhist temples. Consequently, similarities were found among the stone lanterns of Zen priests 'Jigong'(指空) and 'Nawong'(懶翁) in the Hweamsa Temple(檜巖寺) site from the late Goryeo period, those of Zen priest 'Muhak'(無學) of the Hweamsa Temple site, and those of national priest 'Bogak'(普覺) of Cheongnyongsa Temple(靑龍寺) from the early Joseon period. Primarily, this is because the three components(the stand, the lantern part, and the roof-shaped cover) are essentially square-shaped. Second, as the Ganjuseok(one of the components of the stand) became shorter, the stand took a more stable form. Third, the Hwasaseok(the lantern part) consists of two stone blocks joined together. Fourth, the roof-shaped cover is also in square in shape. Similarly, the Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung contains Buddhist elements as well. The three-bead pattern that decorates the Ganjuseok stand is an example. The three-bead pattern is one of the symbolic elements related to Tantric Buddhism. It is found on the diadems worn by Bodhisattvas from the Goryeo and early Joseon periods. The Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung in early Joseon directly influenced the production of the square-shaped stone lanterns used to decorate the tombs during the Joseon period. After the latter half of the 15th century, however, the octagonal-shaped Jangmyeongdeung style began to prevail. The Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung reflects the succession of the tradition of royal tombs from Goryeo to Joseon, the introduction of square-shaped stone lanterns to Buddhist temples, and the influence of the Buddhist philosophy of the time. It is a living testimony to various elements of each time and corresponding cultural trends.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.367-378
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• 2013

Microstructures and nonmetallic inclusions of five forged iron axes and one cast iron axe were analyzed. The axes were excavated from the Proto-Three Kingdom Period site located in Yangchon, Gimpo. The forging objects were made of almost pure iron and low carbon steel, and only one among five were quenched after its figuration. Malleable cast iron structures showing on the casting suggest that the decarbonized casting method were applied. According to the results of nonmetallic inclusion analysis, the axes were produced by hammering the iron bloom which was attained with low-temperature -solid-reduction-method. Showing higher Fe content over $SiO_2$, it is assumed that the re-collecting rate of Fe was low because of the insufficient forging temperature and the impurities were included during the smelting process. It is assumed that the lime was used as a preparation because of detecting high Ca contents.