• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.149-170
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• 2002

The use of health behavior theory in health counseling may improve its effectiveness. This article provides an overview of health behavior theory and guidelines on how to incorporate various theories into effective health counseling. Models that focus on behavior change at the individual level are described, including the health belief model, which focuses on individual health beliefs; social learning theory, which emphasizes interactions between individual, behavior and its environment; theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior, which examines factors influencing behavioral intention;. the stages of change model, which focuses on one's stage of readiness for change. Research review provides explanatory and predictive utility of four health behavior theories. Suggestions for effective health counselling are as follows: 1. Unified theoretical framework incorporating key concepts from different health behavior theories is needed. 2. Need assessment should be included in counselling process. 3. Behavior-change counselling should target changes in one or more key variables previously identified. 4. Focusing on promotional efforts into a high profile behavior(gateway behavior) can be an an adjunctive way of initiating other health promotion behaviors. 5. Counselling should be staged based, and different strategies and processes of changes should be applied at different stages.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 2005

Objectives: Recent studies have shown that tailored messages for cancer screening to the beliefs and stage of cancer screening behavior of individual women increases the take-up probability. Many studies on cancer screening have used the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to identify variables associated with cancer screening behavior. This study was carried out to identify the cognitive-behavioral factors associated with stomach cancer screening among women aged 40 years and over, and to develop and evaluate a tailored educational program for stomach cancer screening by stages of change. Methods: Building on the TTM constructs, we conducted a quasi-experimental study(N=283) to test the effectiveness of a tailored educational program for endoscopic stomach cancer screening. We carried out pre and post tests in the experimental group(N=162) and the control group(N=121), and the experimental group was subdivided into an on-line group(N=81) and an off-line group(N=81) by educational methodology using e-mail and the postal service. We used the chi-square test, trend test, and paired t-test to test the effectiveness of the program for stomach cancer using a tailored stage-matched messages. Results: To examine the effectiveness of the program for stomach cancer screening by the tailored stage-matched messages, the stage-matched materials were offered to the experimental group(N=162) four times for 4 weeks. The stage-matched materials consisted of the four types for stomach cancer. The tailored message was effective in changing the cognitive-behavioral factors, such as experience process, behavior process, con opinion for stomach cancer, self-efficacy, and the behavioral stages for stomach cancer screening. The stomach cancer screening adherence was higher for the stage-matched materials using postal mail than for those using e-mail. Conclusion: To improve the stomach cancer screening rate, the use of tailored messages for stomach cancer screening will be generated using an expert system. Therefore the implementation of tailored educational program will be supported a partnership between public and private health organizations and increasing awareness of the necessity of community-based interventions.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.611-623
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate a reducing alcohol intervention program for workers. Method: The intervention program employed one-group pretest-post-test design with repeated measuring by quasi-experimental study. The program was developed from literature review based on the Transtheoretical Model, and evaluated from April 6 to June 22, 2006. Sixteen white collar male workers participated. At the beginning, the subjects were at the pre-contemplation stage (50%) and contemplation stage (50%). The intervention was applied personally or in group twice a week for 9 weeks. Results: The scores of each stage of change in the post-test increased significantly compared with those in the pretest. The scores of process (cognitive and behavioral) of change in the post-test increased significantly compared with those in the pretest. The score of self-efficacy of change in the post-test increased significantly compared with that in the pretest. The score of pros-cons for drinking in the post-test decreased significantly compared with that in the pretest. The consumption of alcohol a week and a day in the post-test decreased significantly compared with that in the pretest. The levels in ALT, AST, GGT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, B.P. and BMI in the post-test did not decrease significantly compared with those in the pretest, but the level of FBS decreased significantly compared with that in the pretest. Conclusion: The above result informs us that a stage-based reducing alcohol intervention program for workers has the effect of increasing the stages of change, the process of change (cognitive and behavioral) and self-efficacy, and decreasing pros-cons for drinking alcohol consumption and FBS, and it also has a value as an effective means of nursing for workers.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.78-87
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of occupational health service(OHS) for the aged workers in small workplace. Method: A single group of pretest-posttest design was used. 608 aged workers of 253 small workplace who had one out of 4 risk factors were randomly selected. The OHS consisted of education, medical checkup, and counseling. Also information was provided by a visiting nurse 4-5 times every 4-5 weeks from March to November, 2009. The data were collected by interview, self report, and monitored by a nurse. Results: The OHS led to significant reduction of the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 6.46mmHg and 5.22mmHg, each respectively. The mean total cholesterol, glucose, and BMI were also reduced significantly by 6.35mg/dL, 5.91mg/dL, and 0.31kg/$m^2$. And stages of health behavioral change were moved from 1,2,3 stages to 4,5 stages significantly. Conclusion: The OHS showed an effective intervention to improve the aged workers' health in the small workplaces. Therefore, The OHS by visiting a nurse can be a good strategy to extend to small & medium-sized companies having no in-site health manager.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to evaluate a behavior-electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern relationship in pilocarpine- and kainic acid-induced convulsions of rats. Also we intended to examine the effect of a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, and diazepam on the pilocarpine-induced behavioral and electrical seizures in rats. The electrical activities at frontal and hippocampal areas and behavior activities were measured in freely moving rats. At the beginning of the experiments, the rats displayed an exploratory behavior. This awake and moving phase with a low amplitude, irregular, 4-10 Hz wave was followed by a still phase. Pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and kainic acid (0.5 mg/kg, i.c.v.) induced tonic and clonic seizures. The pilocarpine-induced change in electrical activities exhibited a weak correlation with behavioral convulsion at all stages. The amplitude and duration of the electrical response were not linear with the degree of behavioral score. An application of MK-801 (dizocilpine, 7.5 mg/kg) did not affect the amplitudes of the convulsant-induced electrical activities, though the same dose of this drug caused the deformation of the electrical pattern. There was no effect of MK-801 on the behavioral and electrical activities as expected. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) did not affect the amplitude of the electrical activities induced by pilocarpine but changed the pattern of these activities. Our study shows that there is no linear relationship between degree of behavior and amplitude of electrical activities of convulsants. This may indicate that the NMDA receptor stimulation can be processed by the neocortical or hippocampal network in a different way between behavioral and electrical activities.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.23-37
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• 2007

Background: Even though cervical cancer poses a significant global cancer burden, successful implementations for early detection offer an opportunity to prevent deaths and reduce the cancer burden. In Korea, cervical cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among adult women, but it is one of the few cancers in which a consensus-approved screening test exists for early diagnosis, Pap test, that can be combined with highly efficacious treatment regimens for early-stage disease. Purpose: This study was carried out to identify the cognitive-behavioral factors associated with cervical cancer screening behavior among adult women, aged 40 to 59, and to develop tailored messages and to evaluate the effectiveness of stage-matched educational program. Method: A total of 283 women who aged 40 years or older was recruited in Seoul, from September, 1st to November, 14th, 2003. The intervention group (N=162) and the control group (N=121) were selected from five sub-districts in Seocho-gu, Seoul. Building on the TTM, a quasi-experimental study was conducted to test the effectiveness of stages-matched intervention addressed at the five stages of cervical cancer screening behavior. Women in the intervention group were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, internet or postal services. Results: In our results, 88.9% of participants had received a Pap test at least once in their life-time, and 65.4% had got it in the past two years. With regard to cognitive-behavioral factors, the stages-matched educational program increased attitude and process of change for cervical cancer screening. The percentage changed was the largest in maintenance stage. With regard to delivery methods for tailored messages, the print materials were more effective at increasing screening adherence than the e-mail. Whereas the postal service group showed remarkable the change of behavior stage, the internet service group did not. Also it was not shown any difference of the satisfaction with stages-matched educational program between internet and postal service groups. Conclusion: This study suggested that cervical cancer screening behavior could be changed by tailored messages which had developed with cognitive-behavioral factors. The stages-matched educational program was effective to promote the screening adherence for cervical cancer.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.449-460
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• 2013

This study analyzes the processes of change in oral health behaviors induced by oral health education for 23 university students. To this end, we analyzed the changing patterns of the stages of change and motivational components for each oral health behavior. Additionally, we performed an in-depth interview-based investigation of the factors influencing such motivational components. Oral health education was performed twice with a concrete purpose of changing the participants' behaviors in complying with the practice of proper brushing and flossing as the main oral health management, and checking the nutrient facts as a good dietary habit. Upon completion of these two sessions of oral health education, the level of change in oral health behavior was assessed by measuring the stages of change and motivational components for each oral health behavior. In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons for the changes that were demonstrated more markedly during the second education session than during the first session, collective interview surveys were carried out after the second session. The contents of the recorded interviews were categorized into subscales of distinctive concepts on the basis of the items of a health behavior model. The study had the findings as below. First, after the first and second education sessions, some behaviors showed positive changes from lower to higher levels of practice. Second, self-efficacy about oral health behavior was high or perceived barriers were low when its necessity and benefits were clearly perceived. Third, educational features such as the practice and participation-centered education, and examining their own oral conditions influenced the participants' oral health awareness and behavioral changes. There is a need for oral health education capable of leading to practical behavioral changes by establishing concrete strategies of deriving various motivational components at each stage of the processes of change.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.342-354
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to estimate the effectiveness of an intervention program using the trans-theoretical model on the stages of change, the process of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, the levels of medication adherence, and blood pressure difference. Methods: A similar experiment was conducted using a nonequivalent control group pre- and post-test design. The study subjects were 108 hypertensive patients. The program was administered to the experimental group while educational materials were given to the control group. Descriptive analysis, 2-test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used with SPSS 17.0 to analyze collected data. Results: After treatment with this program, the experimental group showed stage of change ($x^2=52.917$, p<.001), cognitive (F=13,528, p<.001), behavioral process of change (F=10.808, p<.001), benefits (F=5.569, p=.012), loss of medication adherence (F=15.661, p<.001), self-efficacy (F=5.407, p=.011), levels of medication adherence (F=51.442, p<.001). Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in the experimental group who participated in the TTM medication adherence intervention program. Given that this intervention program motivated and stimulated hypertensive patients to adhere to the prescribed medications, the TTM medication adherence intervention program is expected to be an effective and practical intervention method for health improvement.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2006

Objective: This study was performed to identify the related factors of change affecting the stage of change, on the assumption that there are various stages of change in the exercise behavior of workers. Method: The subjects of the study consisted of 138 workers of 10 workplaces located in Daejeon City, and data collected by using questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 11.5 program. Results: The subjects were distributed in the stage of exercise behavior change as follows: precontemplation stage(10.9%), contemplation stage(22.5%), preparation stage(41.3%), action stage(8.7%), and maintenance stage(16.7%). Of the process of change depending on the stage of exercise behavior change, the consciousness raising(F=11.50, p=.00), dramatic relief(F=2.82, p=.02) showed significant difference in the cognitive process, and the counter conditioning(F=4.56, p=.00), reinforcement management(F=4.64, p=.00), self-liberation(F=9.46, p=.00), and stimulus control(F=13.28, p=.00) showed significant difference in the behavioral process. For decision-making depending on the stage of exercise behavior change, both the pros of decision-making(F=9.23, p=.00) and the cons of decision-making(F=2.45, p=.04) showed significant difference. Self-efficacy depending on the stage of exercise behavior change showed significant difference as F=11.50, p=.00. The related factors of change affecting the stage of exercise behavior change were the pros of decision-making, the cons of decision-making, and self-efficacy including 34.1% R-square. Conclusion: In order to change the exercise behavior of workers positively, they need to be stimulated to use the cognitive and behavioral process in the process of change properly, and to be induced to make a decision positively. And also exercise programs suitable to various characteristics of each worker as well as those of workplaces to enhance self-efficacy need to be applied after being devised. Through the further longitudinal research, it is necessary to analyze the various aspects, such as groups to select, to maintain, to stop or give up the exercise, and to avoid the change, and to study how the related factors of change affect diversity like the above.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.61-72
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental changes about self-perception from childhood to adult period. The subjects were 365 of 5th graders in elementary school, the 2nd graders in junior and senior high school, sophomore in college, and adults. The instruments used for this study were Harter's Self-Perception Profile for the children, adolescences, college students, and adults. The results were as follows. 1. From elementary school to junior high school, the score of scholastic, athletic, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth were decreased. At the developmental perspective, the junior high school students were highly anxious for self-perception. 2. Physical appearance were the best predictor of the global self-worth for all developmental stages. 3. Physical appearance, behavioral conduct predicted more about the global self-worth than any other factors for elementary and junior high school students. And for junior high school students, social acceptance and friendship also predicted about the global self-worth. Scholastic competence showed higher correlation with global self-worth for the senior high school and college students than elementary and junior high school students. 4. For college students, males had higer scores than females on ability-oriented but also relationship-oriented subscales. But the adults showed no differences in nurturance, household management, job competence depending on sex.