A Qualitative Study on the Change Process of Oral Health Behaviors Using the Stages of Change and Motivational Components

변화단계 및 동기요소를 이용한 구강건강행동 변화 과정에 대한 질적 연구

  • Bae, Soo-Myoung (Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry) ;
  • Shin, Bo-Mi (Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry) ;
  • Shin, Sun-Jung (Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry)
  • 배수명 (강릉원주대학교 치과대학 치위생학과) ;
  • 신보미 (강릉원주대학교 치과대학 치위생학과) ;
  • 신선정 (강릉원주대학교 치과대학 치위생학과)
  • Received : 2013.11.07
  • Accepted : 2013.11.29
  • Published : 2013.12.31

Abstract

This study analyzes the processes of change in oral health behaviors induced by oral health education for 23 university students. To this end, we analyzed the changing patterns of the stages of change and motivational components for each oral health behavior. Additionally, we performed an in-depth interview-based investigation of the factors influencing such motivational components. Oral health education was performed twice with a concrete purpose of changing the participants' behaviors in complying with the practice of proper brushing and flossing as the main oral health management, and checking the nutrient facts as a good dietary habit. Upon completion of these two sessions of oral health education, the level of change in oral health behavior was assessed by measuring the stages of change and motivational components for each oral health behavior. In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons for the changes that were demonstrated more markedly during the second education session than during the first session, collective interview surveys were carried out after the second session. The contents of the recorded interviews were categorized into subscales of distinctive concepts on the basis of the items of a health behavior model. The study had the findings as below. First, after the first and second education sessions, some behaviors showed positive changes from lower to higher levels of practice. Second, self-efficacy about oral health behavior was high or perceived barriers were low when its necessity and benefits were clearly perceived. Third, educational features such as the practice and participation-centered education, and examining their own oral conditions influenced the participants' oral health awareness and behavioral changes. There is a need for oral health education capable of leading to practical behavioral changes by establishing concrete strategies of deriving various motivational components at each stage of the processes of change.

본 연구는 23명 대학생을 대상으로 1차 강의식 교육과 2차 소그룹별 실습 교육의 구강보건교육을 실시한 후 올바른 칫솔질, 치실질 실천 및 식습관 중 영양성분표 확인 등의 구강건강행동별로 변화단계와 동기요소의 변화 양상을 파악하고, 면접조사를 통해 동기요소에 영향을 미친 요인을 심층적으로 확인하여 구강건강행동의 변화 과정을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 1, 2차 교육 후 1개월 내 행동을 시작하려는 준비단계의 응답비율이 소폭 증가하였다. 구강건강행동별 동기요소는 1차 교육에 비해 2차 교육 후 올바른 칫솔질에 대해 귀찮다고 느끼는 장애 인식에서 '귀찮음'에서 '귀찮지 않음'으로 긍정적으로 변화한 비율이 39.1%로 가장 높았고, 치실질 실천과 영양성분표 확인에서는 자기 효능감 인식에서 '자신 없음'에서 '할 수 있음'으로 긍정적으로 변화한 비율이 각각 50.0%, 30.4%로 높게 나타났다. 2) 올바른 칫솔질 실천에 대한 필요성 또는 유익성을 인식하였을 때 칫솔질 실천에 대해 귀찮아하는 장애 인식이 낮았다. 치실질 실천의 경우, 평소에 치아 사이를 관리하는 것에 대한 필요성을 느꼈거나, 지인으로부터 치실 사용을 권고받은 경험이 있거나 지인의 직접 사용하는 것을 보았을 때 치실질을 할 수 있겠다고 인식하는 자기효능감이 높았고, 식습관 중 영양성분표 확인에 대해 귀찮아하는 장애 인식이 낮고, 필요성과 유익성을 명확히 인식할 때 간식 구매 시 영양성분표를 확인하겠다고 하는 자기효능감 인식이 높았다. 3) 교육 대상자의 구강건강인식 및 행동변화에 영향을 미친 교육의 특성으로는 실험, 실습을 통해 결과를 직접, 바로 확인할 수 있는 참여위주의 교육이었고, 이해하기 쉬운 그림, 사진자료를 활용하였기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 실습, 참여위주의 교육을 통해 구강건강행동을 실천할 수 있다는 자기효능감은 높이고 행동에 대한 어려움 인식은 낮추며, 자신의 상태를 관찰해 봄으로써 구강질환에 대한 취약성을 인식하고, 그림과 사진 자료를 이용하여 쉽게 이해함에 따라 구강건강행동의 유익성을 명확히 인식함으로써 긍정적인 행동변화를 유도하는 효과적인 교육이 이루어질 수 있겠다. 추후 변화단계별 다양한 동기요소를 이끌어낼 수 있는 구체적인 전략이 개발되어 실제적인 행동변화를 유도할 수 있는 구강보건교육이 이루어져하며, 다양한 건강행동모형에 근거하여 구강건강행동 변화를 유도하는 경로와 관련 요인을 검증하고, 관련 요인에 개입할 수 있는 전략을 개발하는 연구가 이루어져야 할 필요가 있겠다.

Keywords

References

  1. Prochaska JO, Diclemente CC: Stage and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 51: 390-395, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
  2. Kim HK, Kwon EJ, Lim JH, et al.: The effects of smoking cessation clinics in the Korean armed forces: application of the transtheoretical mdel and life skill approaches. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot 28: 79-94, 2011.
  3. Lee SH, Kim HJ, Shin SM: The influences the level of lifestyle has on the rehabilitation of the addiction of the alcoholics who are in a therapeutic community using the DAYTOP model. Korean J Couns 13: 311-324, 2012.
  4. Shin KL, Sohn YM: The effect of process of change and decision balance to exercise behaviors of adolescents. Korea J Youth Stud 18: 73-99, 2011.
  5. Suh YS, Choi AS, Chung YJ: Psychosocial factors related with the intake of vegetables and fruits by stage of change of elementary school children in Chungnam province. Korean J Nutr 42: 639-649, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.7.639
  6. Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K: Health behavior and health education: theory, research and practice. 4th ed, John Wiley & Sons, San Francisco, pp.10-11, 2008.
  7. Song R, June KJ, Kim CG, Jeon MY: Comparisons of motivation, health behaviors, and functional status among elders in residential homes in Korea. Public Health Nurs 21: 361-371, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2004.21410.x
  8. Berg J, Evangelista LS, Carruthers D, Dunbar-Jacob JM: Compliance. In: Lubkin IM, Larsen PD, eds. Chronic illness: impact and interventions. 6th. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, ON, pp.221-252, 2006.
  9. Song R, June KJ, Ro YJ, Kim CG: Effects of motivationenhancing program on health behaviors, cardiovascular risk factors, and functional status for institutionalized elderly women. J Korean Acad Nurs 31: 858-870, 2001.
  10. Song R: Analyzing motivational factors to predict health behaviors among older adults. J Korean Acad Adult Nurs 18: 523-532, 2006.
  11. Ford ME: Motivation and competence development in special and remedial education. Interv Sch Clin 31: 70-83, 1995.
  12. Chang KW, Kim JB, Pail DI, et al: Oral health education. 4th ed. Komoonsa, Seoul, pp.267-341, 2010.
  13. Lee HJ, Shin SC, Cho JW, Riwe H: The case study on the effects of oral health education on primary school children. J Korean Acad Oral Health 28: 449-463, 2004.
  14. Ha JE, Kim YH, Bae KH: The effectiveness of oral health education for school nurse in Seoul. J Korean Acad Oral Health 34: 372-377, 2010.
  15. Glanz K, Rimet BK, Lewis FM: Health behavior and health education. 1st ed. Koonja, Seoul, pp.105-127, 2012.
  16. Matsumoto C: Health behavior theory. 1st ed. Yas Media, Seoul, pp.53-65, 2007.
  17. Jung SH, Park YJ, Bae SM: Oral health promotion program of community children care center throughout community based network. Gangneung-Wonju National University Industry Academy Cooperation Group, Health Promotion Foundation, Gangneoung, pp.61-73, 2007.
  18. Shin SJ: Korean version of oral health promotion program evaluation toolkit for the elderly. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneoung, Korea, 2010.
  19. Shin OS: The significance and use of in-depth interviewing for educational research. J Educ 25: 121-139, 2005.
  20. Kim DJ: Research on supplementary effectivity of quantitative study and qualitative study. Korean Acad Soc Welf Support 6: 111-137, 2011.
  21. Bandura A: Self efficacy, toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84: 191-215, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  22. Rosenstock IM: The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Educ Monogr 2: 354-386, 1974.
  23. McGinnis JM: The role of behavioral research in national health policy-in new research frontiers in behavioral medicine. 1st ed. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, pp.217-222, 1994.
  24. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF: The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot 12: 38-48, 1997. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
  25. Rollnick S, Miller WR, Butler C: Motivational interviewing in health care: helping patients change behavior. 1st ed. Guilford Press, New York, pp.33-43, 2008.
  26. Dishman RK, Ickes W, Morgan WP: Self-motivation and adherence to habitual physical activity. J Appl Soc Psychol 10: 115-132, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00697.x