• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.4359-4366
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• 2014

Intention to smoke is a valid and reliable factor for predicting future smoking habits among adolescents. This factor, however, has received inadequate attention in Malaysia. The present paper elaborates the prevalence and factors associated with intent to initiate or to cease smoking, among adolescent nonsmokers and smokers in Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. A total of 2,300 secondary school students aged 13-16 years were selected through a two-stage stratified sampling method. A set of standardized questionnaires was used to assess the smoking behavior among adolescents and the inter-personal and intra-personal factors associated with smoking intention (intention to initiate smoking or to cease smoking). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors related to smoking intention. The prevalence of intention to smoke in the future or to cease smoking among non-smoking adolescents and current smokers were 10.7% and 61.7% respectively. Having friends who smoke, social influence, and poor knowledge about the ill effects on health due to smoking showed significant relationships with intention to smoke in the future among non-smokers. Conversely, perceived lower prevalence of smoking among peers, weak contributory social influence, and greater awareness of the ill effects of smoking are factors associated with the intention to cease smoking sometime in the future. The study found that prevalence of intention to initiate smoking is low among non-smokers while the majority of current smokers intended to cease smoking in the future. Existing anti-smoking programmes that integrate the factors that have been identified in the current study should be put in motion to reduce the prevalence of intention to initiate smoking and increase the intention to cease smoking among adolescents.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.190-204
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• 2010

This study firstly examined the socioeconomic and health factors associated with infiltration of private health insurance. Secondly, we compared health behavior, outpatient and inpatient use of private health insured with uninsured. The method of this study is that secondary analysis of the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey was conducted for 7178 respondents aged 19 over. We use the logistic regression and t-test for data analysis. The first dependent variable was dichotomy which is divided to private health insured or uninsured and the second dependent variable was the presence and frequency of outpatient and inpatient use. The descriptive variables was gender, age, marital status, income, education, occupation, type of national health insurance, residential area, self confidence of health, prevalence rate of common disease, activity limitation, drinking and smoking status. The result of the major findings are as follows. First, 59 under aged person, married person, people in the higher brackets of income, national employee insured were more likely to infiltrate private health insurance. The poor self confidence of health, activity limitation, person with hypertension or allergic rhinitis and smoker were negatively related in infiltrating private health insurance. Second, private health insured did more preventive behavior such as self-paid health examination, cancer screening, regular exercise than uninsured. Third, private health insured was positively related with the presence of outpatient use and frequency of inpatient use

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4678-4702
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• 2018

Traffic Matrix estimation has always caught attention from researchers for better network management and future planning. With the advent of high traffic loads due to Cloud Computing platforms and Software Defined Networking based tunable routing and traffic management algorithms on the Internet, it is more necessary as ever to be able to predict current and future traffic volumes on the network. For large networks such origin-destination traffic prediction problem takes the form of a large under- constrained and under-determined system of equations with a dynamic measurement matrix. Previously, the researchers had relied on the assumption that the measurement (routing) matrix is stationary due to which the schemes are not suitable for modern software defined networks. In this work, we present our Compressed Sensing with Dynamic Model Estimation (CS-DME) architecture suitable for modern software defined networks. Our main contributions are: (1) we formulate an approach in which measurement matrix in the compressed sensing scheme can be accurately and dynamically estimated through a reformulation of the problem based on traffic demands. (2) We show that the problem formulation using a dynamic measurement matrix based on instantaneous traffic demands may be used instead of a stationary binary routing matrix which is more suitable to modern Software Defined Networks that are constantly evolving in terms of routing by inspection of its Eigen Spectrum using two real world datasets. (3) We also show that linking this compressed measurement matrix dynamically with the measured parameters can lead to acceptable estimation of Origin Destination (OD) Traffic flows with marginally poor results with other state-of-art schemes relying on fixed measurement matrices. (4) Furthermore, using this compressed reformulated problem, a new strategy for selection of vantage points for most efficient traffic matrix estimation is also presented through a secondary compression technique based on subset of link measurements. Experimental evaluation of proposed technique using real world datasets Abilene and GEANT shows that the technique is practical to be used in modern software defined networks. Further, the performance of the scheme is compared with recent state of the art techniques proposed in research literature.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

Puopose : Exposure to dietary phytoestrogens such as genistein during early childhood is a growing public health concern. We examined the effect of early exposure to genistein on sexual maturation in immature rats. Methods : Weaning (3wk-old) Sprague-Dawley female rats were assigned to three groups (n=6 for each): fed by high dose of genistein (100 mg/kg/d), low dose of genistein (10 mg/kg/d) and control group. First vaginal opening (VO) day was observed. Structural alterations in the ovary and uterus were assessed by histologically. Expression of genes of $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$, and progesterone receptor (PR) in the ovary and uterus were investigated by RT-PCR. Results : High genistein group had earlier VO than control and low genistein group. Graafian follicles and corpora lutea were observed from the ovary of genistein-treated groups, while primary, secondary follicles and small atretic follicles were observed in the control group. Hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelia were found in the genistein-treated groups while poor development of gland and fewer myometrial cell layers were evident in control group. In ovary, the transcriptional activities of $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$ were higher in high genistein group than in controls. In uterus, the transcriptional activities of $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$ and PR were higher in low genistein group than in controls. Conclusion : Acute exposure to genistein during the prepubertal period could activate the reproductive endocrine system resulting in the early onset of puberty in female rats. Further clinical investigation on the effect of genistein on the sexual maturation in children is warranted.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2016

In this study, it can be shortened tunnel construction work period by introducing a single-shell tunnel does not placing the secondary concrete lining, a global research trend, reduction of the cost of the lining placement and number of benefits that can ensure the safety of long-term tunnel with a single shell it was to study the tunnel method. First, we analyze the design and construction practices relating to delete lining of the domestic design and construction practices and a comprehensive analysis of the stability study found a rock in good condition interval (1~3 grades), we propose that the lining uninstalled. In the case of domestic changes on the ground floor is very heavy underfoot conditions many so tunneling method by single shell as ground conditions are good and one preferred the water points that apply in less soil, the soil health and poor sections (4~5 grades) reflecting with respect to the concrete lining that is expected reasonable.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen consumption measurements were performed on 15 middle school boys (age: mean 14.0, range: $13{\sim}16$ years) and 14 high school boys (age: mean 17.4, range: $16{\sim}19$ years). General body build was greater in the high school boys and absolute values of body height, body weight, skinfold thicknesses, maximal oxygen uptake, and maximal pulmonary ventilation followed the same trend. Considered on the basis of body build, however, the values of high school boys were not always greater than those of middle school boys. The following results were obtained. 1. Maximal oxygen consumption in middle school boys was 2.11 l/min., 53.7ml/kg b. weight, 13.9 ml/cm body height, and 63.7 ml/kg LBM. In high school boys the values were: 2.86 l/min., 52.7 ml/kg b.wt., 17.5 ml/cm b. height, and 57.9 ml/kg LBM. Thus, middle school boys were superior to high school boys on body weight and lean body mass basis. They were also superior to the European boys of the same age. 2. The ratio of maximal oxygen uptake to resting value was 9.7 in middle school boys, and 10.8 in high school boys. 3. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in middle school boys was 58.0 l/min., and 84.0 l/min. in high school boys. The ratio of maximal ventilation to resting value was the same as oxygen uptake, namely, 9.7 in middle school boys and 10.7 in high school boys. 4. Ventilation equivalent in middle school boys was 27.5 and 29.3 in high school boys. These values represent values of untrained male subjects. 5. Maximal heart rate in high school boys reached to 193 beat/min. and is 2.9 times that of resting heart rate. 6. Maximal oxygen pulse in high school boys was 16.6 ml/beat and was same as that of untrained subject. 7. Correlation between body weight and maximal oxygen consumption in middle school boys was r=0.570, and r=0.162 in high school boys. Correlation between lean body mass in middle school boys was r=0.499, and r=0.158 in high school boys. Interrelation between body weight and maximal pulmonary ventilation was poor. 8. The differences between trained and untrained subjects were discussed.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2019

The quality of service delivery by governments to their citizens is a subject of concern in the contemporary society. E-governance is a critical aspect that is transforming government operation and service delivery to citizens and other bodies through application of information technology. This research explores the state of e-governing focusing on nations that are developing with special attention to Pakistan. The difficulties and benefits encountered are identified. The results are vital for implementers of e-governing systems in these countries. The methodology applied entails a secondary research that involves analysis and synthesis of literature relating the research topic. The results reveal that Pakistan has made incredible steps in setting up e-governance systems with growth in internet use and access of data from a digital platform. The findings reveal that e-government is associated with multiple benefits including enhanced quality of services, cost efficiency in service provision, enhance transparency and elimination of corruption, provide the basis for eradication of poverty, boost economic stability of a country, and provide room for direct democracy. The research also found that developing countries experience challenges in form of financial constraints, poor ICT infrastructure, illiteracy on e-government, political consensus constraints, legal obstacles, social and cultural constraints. E-government has the capability to transform the quality of governance provided by governments, and policymakers and implementers should address the constraints that act as a hindrance to its implementation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5D
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• pp.445-451
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• 2012

Visual changes and speed changes in curved sections of highways are more dangerous than straight sections According to the enquetes conducted by Coalition for Transportation Culture in 1999, about 78% of drivers are dissatisfied with traffic guide and safety signs, with lack of visibility being the largest reason with about 27.9% of respondents indicating it as reason for dissatisfaction. In particular, the lack of visibility during nighttime or bad weather not only threatens driver safety due to poor delivery of information, but also affects the service level of highways. Because of this a new delineation must be installed and managed to enhance driver visibility. In this research, an optimal delineation system to enhance traffic safety is presented. In this research drivers effectively obtained information on highway alignment on the curved sections using a retro-reflection type delineation system and a newly-developed internal lighting delineation system to improve safety on the highways. A statistical comparison was conducted and analysis was done for the delineation systems that enhanced visibility through primary and secondary enquaetes. As a result, inside-lighting delineator will be selected in terms of safety at the curve sections. The inside-lighting delineator was more effective than the retro-reflection delineator on visibility, the necessity of reduction of speed and will reduce the hazard at curve sections. It is anticipated that when a delineation system based on this research is installed, a reduction in the number the number and severity of traffic accidents on curved sections will be reduced. In addition this system will more effectively provide drivers with information about highway alignment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 2021

In removable partial dentures, many types of retentive systems have been studied and applied in clinical treatment. One of those systems is the double crown denture system which is widely used in European countries such as Germany and Sweden. Telescopic double crown dentures have several advantages such as convenience in maintaining oral hygiene, enabling to transfer occlusal force along the long axis of the abutment, and secondary splinting effect between the abutments which leads to higher clinical performance compared to conventional removal partial dentures. In this clinical case, the patient was initially restored with a maxillary hybrid telescopic double crown denture with friction pin using remaining natural teeth as abutments. After 7 years, due to lack of recall check-up and poor oral hygiene, the abutment teeth were affected by periodontitis and 4 out of 5 of the abutment teeth had to be extracted. 3 additional implants were placed and the original abutment tooth with the inner crown was maintained. The mandible had fixed prostheses including implants but nevertheless, with strategic implant placement, the patient adapted well and was satisfied with the new maxillary tooth-implant combined double crown denture.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.511-517
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• 2019

Background Cleft treatment is frequently performed in Indonesia, mostly in charity missions, but without a postoperative protocol it is difficult to establish the risks and complications of cleft treatment. The present study was designed to give an overview of current cleft lip and palate treatment strategies in Indonesia and to assess the complication rates during and after surgery. Methods This prospective study evaluated anesthetic, intraoperative surgical, and short-term postoperative complications in patients undergoing primary, secondary, or corrective surgery for cleft lip and palate deformities. The population consisted of 98 non-syndromic cleft patients. The main anesthetic complication that occurred during general anesthesia was high blood pressure, whereas the main intraoperative surgical complication was excessive bleeding and the main early postoperative complication was extremely poor wound hygiene. Results In this study, there were no cases of perioperative or postoperative mortality. However, in 23 (23.4%) of the 98 operations performed, at least one perioperative complication related to anesthesia occurred. The intraoperative and early postoperative complications following cleft lip and/or palate were assessed. There was a significant difference in the complication rate between procedure types (χ²=0.02; P<0.05). However, no relationship was found between perioperative complications related to anesthesia and the occurrence of postoperative complications (χ²=1.00; P>0.05). Nonetheless, a significant difference was found between procedure types regarding perioperative complications and the occurrence of postoperative complications (χ²=0.031; P<0.05). Conclusions Further evaluation of these outcomes would help direct patient management toward decreasing the complication rate.