• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

In this study, nutritional analysis was done on regular rice bran and fermented rice bran toward increasing their availability and use. Regular and fermented rice bran were extracted 10 times at $98^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours each with water, extracted with 60% ethanol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours, then concentrated and extracted twice by freeze-drying. When rice bran was fermented, moisture, protein, and ash contents increased, while fats and carbohydrates decreased. Out of fatty acids, the saturated fatty acid content of regular rice ran was found to be 17.7%, and 20.5% when fermented while the unsaturated fatty acid components of rice ran and fermented rice bran were found to be 82.3 and 79.5%, respectively. In both kinds of bran, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid represented over 90% of the fatty acid content. In rice bran the fatty acid composition was 15.1% palmitic acid, 40.6% oleic acid and 39.5% linoleic acid, while that of fermented rice bran was 13.2% palmitic acid, 43.2% oleic acid and 31.3% linoleic acid. Out of free sugars fermented rice bran contained 0% fructose, 0.0099% glucose, 0.0039% maltose and 0.3233% sucrose. These results with which those of regular rice bran were silmilar were according to the normal sugar composition of rice in general. The vitamin C content of rice bran was 53 mg/100 g and that of fermented rice bran 7 mg/100 g. In neither kind of rice bran was vitamin A detected. Out of 18 minerals analyzed, Ca, K, Mg, and Mn were the most abundant minerals in both kinds of rice bran. Fermented rice bran had a higher K content with 3,163 mg/100 g, than normal rice bran, Mg content was 1,178 mg/100g. Fermented rice bran had a higher total mineral content.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on the increase of utilization for the Japanese staunton vine (Stauntonia hexaphylla), native plants which were grown in the southern districts in Korea. We have also determined their partial physical and chemical compositions and their physiological activities. Vitamin C contents in fruit skin was 85.23 mg/100 g, and that in flesh was 61.67 mg/100 g. Total amino acids contents in fruit skin increased much more by 762.72 mg/100 g DW compared to that in flesh by 434.05 mg/100 g DW. Inorganic matter contents were more increased in the fruit skin (108.48 mg/$\ell$) and its main components were K (76.53 mg/$\ell$), Ca (20.20 mg/$\ell$) and Mg (6.22 mg/$\ell$). Total phenol compound and flavonoid contents in 1,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts were 7.3-9.6 mg/$\ell$ and 5.1-6.7 mg/$\ell$. Nitrite radical scavenging activity in 4,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts of fruit skin and flesh for Stauntonia hexaphylla were 79.5% and 77.8%, however, that in seeds was 17.1%. Overall mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (% of control) was less than 10.8%. Anti-microbial activities of methanol extracts from the fruit skin against the gram negative and positive microbial strains were not significant in the lower concentration of extracting solution, however, that from flesh and seeds in terms of the inhibition diameter were $8.91{\sim}12.25\;mm$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2012

In this study, we configured a system which ranks hazardous chemicals to determine their management priorities based on experts' opinions and the existing CRS (chemical ranking and scoring). Aggregate exposure of food, health functional food, oriental/herbal medicine and cosmetics have been taken into account to determine management priority. In this study, 25 hazardous chemicals were selected, such as cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, etc. These 25 materials were ranked according to their 1) risk (exposure or hazard) indexes, 2) exposure source-based weight, and 3) public interests, which were also formed based on the existing priority ranking system. Cadmium was scored the highest (178.5) and bisphenol A the lowest (56.8). Ten materials -- cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, tar, acrylamide, benzopyrene, aluminium, benzene, and PAHs -- scored higher than 100. Eight materials -- aflatoxin, manganese, phthalate, chromium, nitrate/nitrite, ethylcarbamate, formaldehyde, and copper -- recorded scores in the range from 70 to 100. Also evaluated as potential risks were 7 materials; sulfur dioxide, ochratoxin, dioxins, PCBs, fumonisin, methyl mercury, and bisphenol A, and these materials were scored above 50. Then we compared risk index and correlation coefficient of total scores to confirm the validity of the total scores; we analyzed correlation coefficient of parameter and indicator. We discovered that the total score and weight, which has incorporated public interests, were high and statistically significant. In conclusion, the result of this study contributes to strengthening risk assessment and risk management of hazardous chemicals.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2012

The quality characteristics of granules prepared from water and 50% ethanol extracts of mulberry and blueberry were investigated. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of mulberry and blueberry were higher in the 50% ethanol extract than those in the water extract. Total anthocyanin content was highest in the 50% mulberry ethanol extract (470.91 mg/100 g). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the mulberry and blueberry extracts was 335.37 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$ and 238.14 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$, respectively. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the mulberry and blueberry extracts increased with an increase in extract concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of granules from the mulberry extract were 4.83 mg/mL and 3.49 mg/mL, respectively. Total anthocyanin content of granules from the mulberry and blueberry extracts was 76.26 mg/100 g and 75.26 mg/100 g, respectively. Electron donating ability and ORAC of granules from the mulberry and blueberry extracts were 45.09% and 24.10%, 87.65 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$ and 57.59 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$, respectively. Granules that were stored for 7 weeks at room temperature had low anthocyanin content degradation and Hunter color values (L, a, and b).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.279-289
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Recently, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata has been used as an environmentally-friendly weed-control agent in rice farming. Although effective for this particular style of farming, P. canaliculata can be destructive to other crops. The objective of this study was to identify overwintering as well as regional and seasonal distribution characteristics of P. canaliculata. Notably, winter is typically fatal for P. canaliculata. However, owing to increasing average global temperatures, we assessed the ability of P. canaliculata to survive through uncharacteristically warm winters. METHODS AND RESULTS: To examine the distribution and overwintering regions of P. canaliculata, We conducted a survey from April 2020 to May 2021 on environmentally-friendly rice fields, agricultural waterways, and streams in 23 cities belonging to 8 provinces. In addition, because air temperature may influence the distribution density of P. canaliculata, we analyzed the winter temperature data (http://weather.rda.go.kr). CONCLUSION(S): In 2021, overwintering of P. canaliculata (1-3 individuals/m²) was observed in the Goheung and Yeongam regions in Jeonnam. Overwintering of P. canaliculata was observed in fewer regions in 2021 than in 2020; this fact may be attributed to the lower minimum temperatures measured in 2021 (approximately 8℃ lower) than those in 2020. Our results suggest that overwintering occurs as long as overnight temperatures are ≥ -15℃, but can take place if temperatures are as low as -19℃.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

This research was performed to investigate the possibilities of industrial usage of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) by examining the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract with different sections. Content of total phenolics, DPPH radical scavenging activities and antibacterial activity of young leaf, mature leaf, flower bud, flower, bark, and seed of camellia were compared in vitro experimental models. Total phenolics was contained the higher in young leaf (74.62 mg), flower bud (65.02 mg) and flower (62.42 mg) but less than 20.95 mg per 100 g of dry weight in other parts of Camellia japonica L. And effects of antioxidant measured by DPPH radical scavenger activity ($RC_{50}$, reduce concentration 50%), was shown higher $7.16{\sim}18.14\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in methanol extract of young leaf, flower bud and flower than $61.23\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of BHT as a chemical oxidant. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Camellia japonica L. extracts determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogen and food spoilage bacteria, the young leaves extracts showed the most active antimicrobial activity against 7 kinds of harmful microorganisms. Flower bud extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. C1036. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of young leaf extract against B. subtillis,S. fradiae,S. aureus,E. coli,P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. C1036, and S. typhimurium were revealed 1 to 15 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. As a result, antimicrobial activity of camellia extracts was shown higher gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.1205-1210
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• 2012

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Ligustrum ovalifolium H. (LOH) leaf extracts on RAW264.7 macrophages. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of LOH extracts by measuring nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible NOS (iNOS) production, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by Western blotting. LOH ethanolic extracts (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL) significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated production of NO. The intracellular ROS level also significantly decreased. LOH ethanolic extracts reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. The present results show that LOH ethanol extract has potent anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. These results also suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of LOH extracts may be related to the inhibition of LPS-stimulated ROS and NO production. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of LOH leaves may be utilized as a good source of functional foods for protection against inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2021

This study was conducted to improve the useful components and biological activity of Lentinula edodes fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Three LAB strains (Lactobacillus brevis KCCM 11904, L. plantarum KCCM 354469, and L. fermentum KCCM 12116) were inoculated and used for L. edodes hot water extract (10%, 20%, 30%) fermentation. LAB fermentation of L. edodes hot water extracts decreased pH and thus were more acidic than non-fermented L. edodes hot water extract. β-glucan and ergothioneine contents were increased by L. edodes in a concentration-dependent manner. The ergothioneine and β-glucan contents were highest in fermented with 30% L. edodes hot water extract fermented by L. plantarum and L. brevis (40.48 mg/100 g and 13.94%, respectively). The hepato-protective effect of fermented L. edodes hot water extracts by the three LAB were tested using Sprague-Dawley rat primary hepatocytes. In primary hepatocytes obtained following liver injury induced by acetaminophen, fermented L. edodes hot water extracts by the three LAB showed protective effects, as evident by reduction of the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase liver markers. The collective results indicate that the fermented L. edodes hot water extracts obtained using LAB are potentially valuable in preventing or treating liver disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.787-795
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• 2021

Eupatorium chinensis var. simplicifolium (EUC) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Young sprouts of EUC have been used as food for a long time, and the whole EUC plant has been used as an herbal remedy in oriental medicine. Arteriosclerosis, or chronic inflammation in arterial vessels, is a cardiovascular disease and is involved in various disorders. Cardiovascular diseases such as restenosis and neuropathic hyperplasia are mainly caused by abnormal growth and movement due to multiple growth factors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitogen released from damaged vessel walls and is involved in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. To determine the effects of EUC on the abnormal proliferation and migration of VSMCs, the present study investigated intracellular signaling pathways in PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs treated with and without EUC. Pretreating PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs with EUC tended to effectively decrease cell proliferation and migration. Subsequently, the intracellular growth-related signaling pathways of AKT, phospholipase C gamma (PLC-γ), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were investigated using western blotting to confirm inhibited phosphorylation. Furthermore, flow cytometry data showed that EUC blocked the cell cycle of VSMCs. These results suggest that EUC can inhibit the proliferation and migration of VSMCs by controlling the cell cycle and growth factor receptors. Furthermore, this indicates that EUC can be used as a preventative against cardiovascular disease resulting from abnormal proliferation and migration of VSMCs.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.65-75
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• 2003

This study was carried to identify the component of Spleen Meridian Muscle in human, dividing into outer, middle, and inner part. Lower extremity and trunk were opened widely to demonstrate muscles, nerve, blood vessels and the others, displaying the inner structure of Spleen Meridian Muscle. We obtained the results as follows; 1. Spleen Meridian Muscle is composed of the muscle, nerve and blood vessels. 2. In human anatomy, it is present the difference between a term of nerve or blood vessels which control the muscle of Meridian Muscle and those which pass near by Meridian Muscle. 3. The inner composition of meridian muscle in human arm is as follows ; 1) Muscle; ext. hallucis longus tend., flex. hallucis longus tend.(Sp-1), abd. hallucis tend., flex. hallucis brevis tend., flex. hallucis longus tend.(Sp-2, 3), ant. tibial m. tend., abd. hallucis, flex. hallucis longus tend.(Sp-4), flex. retinaculum, ant. tibiotalar lig.(Sp-5), flex. digitorum longus m., tibialis post. m.(Sp-6), soleus m., flex. digitorum longus m., tibialis post. m.(Sp-7, 8), gastrocnemius m., soleus m.(Sp-9), vastus medialis m.(Sp-10), sartorius m., vastus medialis m., add. longus m.(Sp-11), inguinal lig., iliopsoas m.(Sp-12), ext. abdominal oblique m. aponeurosis, int. abd. ob. m., transversus abd. m.(Sp-13, 14, 15, 16), ant. serratus m., intercostalis m.(Sp-17), pectoralis major m., pectoralis minor m., intercostalis m.(Sp-18, 19, 20), ant. serratus m., intercostalis m.(Sp-21) 2) Nerve; deep peroneal n. br.(Sp-1), med. plantar br. of post. tibial n.(Sp-2, 3, 4), saphenous n., deep peroneal n. br.(Sp-5), sural cutan. n., tibial. n.(Sp-6, 7, 8), tibial. n.(Sp-9), saphenous br. of femoral n.(Sp-10, 11), femoral n.(Sp-12), subcostal n. cut. br., iliohypogastric n., genitofemoral. n.(Sp-13), 11th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-14), 10th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-15), long thoracic n. br., 8th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-16), long thoracic n. br., 5th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-17), long thoracic n. br., 4th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-18), long thoracic n. br., 3th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-19), long thoracic n. br., 2th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-20), long thoracic n. br., 6th. intercostal n. and its cut. br.(Sp-21) 3) Blood vessels; digital a. br. of dorsalis pedis a., post. tibial a. br.(Sp-1), med. plantar br. of post. tibial a.(Sp-2, 3, 4), saphenous vein, Ant. Med. malleolar a.(Sp-5), small saphenous v. br., post. tibial a.(Sp-6, 7), small saphenous v. br., post. tibial a., peroneal a.(Sp-8), post. tibial a.(Sp-9), long saphenose v. br., saphenous br. of femoral a.(Sp-10), deep femoral a. br.(Sp-11), femoral a.(Sp-12), supf. thoracoepigastric v., musculophrenic a.(Sp-16), thoracoepigastric v., lat. thoracic a. and v., 5th epigastric v., deep circumflex iliac a.(Sp-13, 14), supf. epigastric v., subcostal a., lumbar a.(Sp-15), intercostal a. v.(Sp-17), lat. thoracic a. and v., 4th intercostal a. v.(Sp-18), lat. thoracic a. and v., 3th intercostal a. v., axillary v. br.(Sp-19), lat. thoracic a. and v., 2th intercostal a. v., axillary v. br.(Sp-20), thoracoepigastric v., subscapular a. br., 6th intercostal a. v.(Sp-21)