• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.289-299
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• 2020

In this paper, we investigate the causes and the characteristics of transformations of mathematics education in modern China, focusing on the contents of mathematics education in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In this process, mathematics education was investigated from the overall educational view of each dynasty, so the educational situation of each dynasty was also considered.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.63-138
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• 1999

From all possible chinese medical literatures, I studied the history of chinese pediatrics by dividing into Chunqiu Zhanguo, QinHan dynasties, LiangJin, SuiTang five dynasties, Song Dynasty, Jin and Yuan dynasties, Ming Qing dynasties. The conclusions are summarized as followings 1. The mentions related with pediatrics existed already in Yan ruins turtle shell letters, and 〈Yellow Emperor's classic of internal medicine> in Chunqiu Zhanguo time formed the system of medicine, established the theoretical foundation. 2. Chang Ji established the system of diagnosis and treatment based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs in , and later pediatricians commonly applied his prescriptions to the febrile diseases. 3. The period from LiangJin to SuiTang, Pediatrics was established as special department then in , Chao Yuanfang stated the etiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology of pediatric diseases. 4. In Song dynasty. pediatric 4 major, symptoms that had been mentioned from SuiTang dynasties, were clearly established, pediatrical special books were published, and written by Qian Yi who is considered as the founder of chinese pediatrics, established the foundation of pediatrical division formation in distinction from adult fields. 5. In Jin and Yuan dynasties, four eminent physicians established the actual relationship between the theories and practical applications and insisted various and creative theories based on the classical medicine, for example, the theory that fire and heat in the body was the main cause of diseases of Liu Wansu purgation theory of Zhang Congzheng, qi regulating theory of Liu Gao, ministerial fire theory and the theory that yang is ever in excess while Yin is ever deficient of Zhu Zhenheng, etc, and they applied those theories to pediatrical various sides. 6, In Ming Qing dynasties, pediatrical specialists and pediatrical publications had increased, eg, father and son Xue Kai Xue Ji, Wan Quan, Lu Bai-si, etc in Ming dynasty, Ye Gui, Chen Fuzheng, Xia Ding, etc in Qing dynasty were famous as pediatricians. Specially, the doctrine of epidemic febrile diseases at that time showed prominent effects to children's epidemic febrile diseases.

• Strategy21
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• 통권32호
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• pp.71-96
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• 2013

Not much research has focused on the combat history of the Manchu invasion of Korea. In particular, the role of the navy has not been properly examined. However, the naval forces of the Joseon Dynasty were critical to the military strategies adopted by the leaders of Joseon and the courts of the Ming and Later Jin dynasties. Therefore, by investigating the role of Joseon's navy, we can establish a better understanding of the dynamic situation in East Asia during this period. This paper traces the specific naval strategies of Joseon and also looks at the parts played by the Ming and Later Jin dynasties, based on their historical records. The main part of this paper consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 will uncover the reputation and the actual military strategies of Joseon's naval forces during this period. Chapter 2 will discuss the military strategies devised by the Ming and Later Jin courts as a reaction to each other and to Joseon's naval power. Last, Chapter 3 will examine how the naval forces of Joseon and Qing collided at Ganghwa Island in January 1637 and afterward Qing's requisition of Joseon's navy in its fight against the Ming. In conclusion, when Joseon's naval forces were strong enough to protect Joseon, they maintained the military status quo in East Asia. However, when their strength was superseded by that of the Later Jin's naval forces in a very short time, Joseon was forced to experience the worst humiliation in its history and East Asia to undergo a violent upheaval, the replacement of Ming by the Manchu/Qing dynasty.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.554-566
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to understand the ethnic characteristics of official uniforms of Qing(淸)) by comparing the rank systems of official uniforms of Ming(명(明)) and Qing(淸)) dynasties. As research documents, Dai-Ming-Huidian(大明會典)) and Qing-Huidian-Tu(淸明會圖)) have been used. This research shows that there are many traditional characteristics of Manchurians (滿族)) in the official uniforms of Qing(淸)) dynasty. The characteristics are as follows: First, Qing dynasty made their own official uniform based on the traditional Manchurians(滿族)) costume, and added rank system on it. Second, Qing dynasty used the animal's leather as the material of official uniforms and distinguished the level of the uniforms according to the rerity value of rareness, color, and warmth of the leather. Third, Qing dynasty used pearls produced in Manchuria as the highest level, as opposed to jades and rhinoceros horns of Ming. Fourth, Qing dynasty eliminated the animal's rank system of twelve patterns which had been used for whole history of China, but the Emperor is the only man who is able to use twelve patterns. Qing dynasty made her own pattern system of standstill/moving dragons and standstill/moving pythons. Fifth, Qing dynasty used the rank system by colors in the order of yellow, red, and blue consistently over various official uniforms, while Ming used different color orders for different uniforms.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.51-65
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• 2022

Seoju is one of the nine weeks of the ancient period, and according to literature records, the construction of Seojuseong Fortress has a long history of 2573. This is the land of Oseongtong-gu, a political and military hub, and flood disasters have frequently led to frequent reconstruction of fortresses. In particular, it is also an important place to show that the function of the fortress is defensive and has a function of preventing floods. This study analyzed the shape of Seojuseong Fortress and the characteristics of urban spaces in the Myeongcheong period through excavation data and literature data.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2001

Beijing Chuan Di Xia can be traced back to Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is located beside the old post way in the west of Beijing. At present, there are more than seventy units of traditional courtyard houses of Ming and Qing Dynasties and the antique features of the surroundings still survive. The dwelling suited to the historical and regional context and the profound cultural values accumulations etc., have precious historic and cultural values. Associated with the investigation of Chuan Di Xia, the paper explores the site selection, the layout, the spatial constructiveness and the underlying consciousness of Chinese traditional dwellings, unveils the common philosophic basis of traditional dwellings and offers new though for sustainable human settlements.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

In this study, Characteristics of colors on Chinese traditional costume in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty were compared. And general colors of Chinese traditional costume and the viewpoint of them were considered. The purpose of this study were to apt colors of Chinese traditional costumes to the sensory appetite of modern people for new things, and make the recreation inspired by new senses be applied into the fashion industry effectively. The results were as followed : Firstly, colors distribution of 5 dynasties were different. In the Tang, R(red) was highest, YR(yellow red) and Y(yellow) followed. In the Song, YR was highest, Y and R followed and PB(purple blue) was increased, In the Yuan, R, YR, PB, B were concentrated at low rates, and other colors were increased, In the Ming, Y, R and B were concentrated at low rates orderly, and other colors were increased, In the Qing, PB was highest and Y, R, YR, B, P(purple) were increased. Secondly, tons distribution of 5 dynasties were different. In the Tang, L(light) was highest, P(pale) and Lgr(light grayish) followed. In the Song, P(pale) was highest, Lgr, Gr(grayish) and Dl(dull) followed In the Yuan, Dp(deep) was highest, P and Lgr followed, and other tones were increased, In the Ming, S(strong) was highest, DI and V(vivid) followed. Thirdly, The general colors of 5 dynasty were R, YR, Y, B, PB colors with vivid, deep and light tones. Forth, the viewpoint of color on Chinese traditional costume was based on the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements theory. Based on results of this study, the successive researches will be carried out about the unique colors of each nation and application traditional colors to modern fashion industry in order to the unique cultural sense.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2009

Objectives : The rapid progress seen in the Chinese medical and pharmaceutical industries since the mid.Ming Dynasty, and the resulting surge in demand for medicinal herbs led to the emergence of dedicated medicinal herb markets. A representative example was the medicinal herb market of Qizhou (today's Anguo) in Hebei Province. This paper examines various factors that contributed to the transformation and growth of Qizhou into and as a major medicinal herb market of China. Methods : Along with the examination of geographical factors, this study attempts to link the development of Qizhou as a center for medicinal herbs trade with legends related to the Medicine Lord Temple (Yao Wang Miao), a local shrine dedicated to the mythical Medicine Kings. Results : The main argument of this study is that although the emergence of Qizhou as China's largest marketplace for medicinal herbs was significantly helped by its proximity to Beijing, a huge source of demand, as well as its convenient location easily accessible from all parts of the country, and the large herbal production from surrounding areas, the single.most important contributing factor was the body of legends attributing to this city a magical healing energy. Conclusions : The example of Qizhou may also suggest that in pre.modern eras, legends related to supernatural healing power, associated to a city or town, were as important contributing factors to its emergence and growth as a dedicated medicinal herb market as its location or ease of access.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2023

The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called 'Yiren' or 夷人 in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as 'Tanka People' (named 'Danmin' or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the 'drifters' in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some 'coolies' entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2024

본 연구는 중국 장쑤성 창저우시에 위치한 청과항(靑果巷)의 역사문화경관을 살펴보고 명나라 때부터 현재까지 이어진 경관 변화와 거주민 사이의 영향을 연구하였다. 옛 고지도, 문헌과 현장 사진 등에 대한 분석결과를 조합하여 명청시대부터 청과항 경관 변천과정에 당시 거주자가 중요한 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있는데 해석한 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청과항의 발전이다. 1) 청과항의 명칭은 창저우부에서 처음 기록되었으며, 과일 판매 장소로 잘못 이해되었다. 실제로는 주거 공간이었고, 시문에서 식생 경관을 묘사한 표현에서 유래되었다. 청과항이라는 명칭은 1879년부터 사용되었고, '천'과 '백'은 풍부함을 나타내는 수사였다. 2) 비릉당씨와 동가를 비롯하여 청과항은 명나라 때부터 청나라까지 줄곧 상류계층의 거주지였다. 둘째, 행정구역의 변화와 도로변천이다. 1) 명나라부터 청대에 걸친 창저우의 행정구역과 도로 변화를 통해 청과항의 공간과 도로 경관 변화를 분석하였다. 명나라 때의 청과항은 중우상, 서우상, 동우상 세 행정 구역에 걸쳐 있었으며, 청대에는 서우상과 동우상에 속하게 되었다. 청과항의 공간 구성은 명나라 때부터 현대까지 종교, 주거, 상업 기능이 변화하며 발전하였다. 2) 청과항의 주요 도로와 골목길은 명청 시대의 창저우성　구조와 유사한 종횡 구도를 나타내었다. 청과항의 주요 도로는 천희교에서 신방교로 이어졌으며, 남북으로 연결된 9개의 골목이 청과항의 역사문화공간을 형성하였다. 시간이 지나면서 도로의 수가 증가하고, 주거 및 상업 공간으로 변화하여 현대 청과항의 모습을 형성하였다. 셋째, 청과항 상류계층의 문화경관 형성이다. 1) 청과항은 원나라 대학살 이후 도래한 평화 시대의 인구 이동과 인구 증가로 인해 발전하였다. 자연경관이 중시되어 문인들의 주요 거주지가 되었으며, 명청시대 청과항은 상업과 문화가 발달하여 창저우 상류계층의 새로운 주거지로 떠올랐다. 2) 명나라 말기부터 청과항은 상류계층의 정원 문화로 인해 사회문화적 명성을 얻었다. 상류계층은 상인과 문인으로 구성되었으며, 이 시기, 이들의 사회적 지위가 향상되었다. 당씨와 동씨 가문이 청과항의 주요 상류계층을 형성하며, 청나라 중후기에는 상류계층과 비상류계층이 공존하게 되었다. 3) 청과항은 상류계층의 결집으로 인해 많은 문인과 상인들이 몰려들었고, 동시에 공간 내 정원이 조성되었다. 명청시대 문인들은 청과항의 독특한 문화경관을 형성하였으며, 현대 청과항은 역사문화공간으로 발전하여 다양한 기능을 갖춘 복합공간이 되었다.