• 건축역사연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.100-116
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was provide for the useful fundamental data by developing an lower appeal sizing system according to body types for early 20s Chinese women. The subjects were 348 women whose ages were between 19 and 24 to live in Beijing and Shanghai, China. Out of total, 341 women with no abnormal numbers were taken as the sample of research. This study was to characterize lower body type of the Chinese women in their early 20s by classifying them into groups according to drop measurement suggested by GB. This study investigated body types of the Chinese women in their early 20s depending upon regions (Beijing and Shanghai) according to each factor. This study made use of 46 kinds of indirect measures from June 23, 2004 to August 7, 2004. SPSS WIN 13.0 Program was used. And, correlation analysis, factor analysis, ANOVA(t-test and F-test) and duncan's multiple test, etc were done. The average of the early 20s Chinese women's stature is 160.0cm, waist circumference 66.4cm, hip circumference 89.8cm, weight 52.1kg. The result of analysis about the early 20s Chinese women's lower body size which are total 62 items come to 6 factors. The Chinese women in their early 20s were divided into 3 groups depending upon waist circumference and drops of hip circumference.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Effects of Edible Phytochemicals and Their Synthetic Derivatives on Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis
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• pp.3-4
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• 2001

Residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part due to consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins. Chlorophyllin, a mixture of semi-synthetic, water-soluble derivatives of chlorophyll that is used as a food colorant and over-the-counter medicine, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models.(omitted)

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutgens and Anticarcinogens
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• pp.46-47
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• 2001

Residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part due to consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins. Chlorophyllin, a mixture of semi-synthetic, water-soluble derivatives of chlorophyll that is used as a food colorant and over-the-counter medicine, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models.(omitted)

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1999

Taiwan has plural agricultural education system and has accelerated its social and economic growth through Agricultural Extension Education. This study has been carried out centering around the work plans which analyzed the project of cultivating young farmers supported by the Republic of China Government. Taiwan has promoted administrative and financial support systems with the government as the central figure in order to equip the efficient and continuous development system of agricultural human resources for securing agricultural skilled personnel, developing farmers' organizations and cultivating young farmers that can cope with the open world. The main training programs are for developing farmers' organizations and they are as follows. 1) The Agricultural Production and Marketing Group(APMG) 2) Expert Farming Training Program for Rural Youth 3) Agricultural Extension Service Worker Training Program 4) Rural Youth Development Program 5) School 4-H Club Activities for Student Development Program 6) International Rural Youth Exchange Program Development 7) Agricultural Extension Education Program for Minority People 8) Job Change Training Program for Rural People The training programs are organized for all the rural residents and students to develop their individual careers systematically and continuously, and they are very encouraging in whole development. Also they offer us many suggestions.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2023년도 제68차 하계학술대회논문집 31권2호
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• pp.709-710
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• 2023

Consumer attitudes and behaviors towards brands are not only related to the perception of corporate brand image but also to factors such as the image of the country of origin, the characteristics of the host country, and consumer individual traits. This article focuses on Chinese multinational companies and aims to study the impact of brand international image and country-of-origin brand image on consumer behavior. A model is constructed with brand international image and country-of-origin brand image as antecedent variables, host country characteristics and consumer traits as moderators, and consumer behavior as the outcome. This study employs a questionnaire survey method targeting foreign residents living in China as participants. The research findings reveal that during the internationalization process, both brand international image and country-of-origin brand image have a significant positive impact on consumer behavior, while host country characteristics and consumer traits play a moderating role. The conclusions of this research enrich the theoretical understanding of brand internationalization and explore the influencing factors of consumer behavior, providing a basis for decision-making for multinational company executives.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2023

The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called 'Yiren' or 夷人 in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as 'Tanka People' (named 'Danmin' or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the 'drifters' in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some 'coolies' entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.219-261
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• 2018

전 세계적인 물 부족 현상이 심화됨에 따라 국제 하천을 둘러싼 국가 간의 갈등이 심화되고 있다. 메콩강은 6개 국가가 공유하는 동남아시아의 대표적인 국제하천으로, 경제가 성장함에 따라 수력발전은 메콩 유역국들의 증가하는 전력 수요를 충족시키기 위한 주요한 전력 공급방식이 되었다. 그러나 강 상류 지역의 수력발전은 강 생태계 전체에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 특히 하류지역민들의 삶에 상당한 영향을 미치기 때문에 메콩강의 댐 건설은 지속적인 논란의 대상이 되고 있다. 국제하천에서 발생하는 논란을 이해하기 위해서는 이를 공유하는 여러 국가의 각각 다른 입장을 모두 고려해야 한다. 그러나 지금까지 메콩 수력발전에 대한 특정 국가의 입장이나 태도를 분석한 연구는 중국과 라오스를 중심으로 이루어져 왔다. 이에 이 연구에서는 다른 유역국들 중 메콩강 하류에 위치하여 수력발전으로 인한 이익을 얻기보다는 비용을 부담하게 될 가능성이 높은 캄보디아 정부의 입장을 연구하였다. 캄보디아 정부는 메콩 상류의 수력발전에 대해 어떠한 태도를 보이고 있으며 그러한 태도는 어디에서 기인하는가? 연구를 통해 메콩강에 건설되는 댐에 대한 캄보디아 정부의 지지 입장을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 입장의 형성에는 1) 중국과의 경제적 비대칭성, 2) 라오스에 대한 전력 의존도와 지리적 비대칭성, 3) 캄보디아 국내의 전력 계획 상 수력발전의 중요성이 크게 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.72-84
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• 2023

2018년 중국 국무원이 발표한 「농촌진흥전략계획(2018-2022년)」은 중국 농촌 발전의 새로운 시기를 대표한다. 도시 근교형 농촌은 다른 농촌에 비해 도시와 농촌의 통합 발전(城乡一体化发展)에 더 편리하지만 도시 건설과 산업 오염으로 인한 압력을 더 많이 받았다. 허난성(河南省)은 농촌 비율이 높은 지역으로 농촌 거주환경 현황을 전반적으로 살펴보면서 농촌 문제를 해결하고 거주환경 개선 방안을 도출하는 것은 가치가 있다. 본 연구 목적은 첫째, 허난성 도시 근교형 농촌 태남마을(太南村) 주민의 이용현황과 생활 인식을 바탕으로 평가지표의 만족도를 분석한다. 둘째, 평가 결과에 따라 허난성의 도시 근교형 농촌 거주환경에 대한 개선방안을 단계별로 제시한다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 총 24개 평가지표를 '생활서비스 시설', '주택 환경', '도로 환경', '위생 및 생태 환경', '사회 및 문화 환경'으로 5가지 유형으로 분류하였다. 둘째, 퍼지 종합평가법을 활용한 결과, 태남마을(太南村) 거주환경의 전반적인 만족도는 '보통'이며 주민들에게 '생활서비스 시설'이 가장 중요하고 '생태 및 위생 환경'에 대한 만족도가 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 향후 허난성 도시 근교형 농촌 개선방안을 3단계로 나누어 제안한다. 첫째, 생활서비스 시설을 지속적으로 보완하고 위생 및 생태 환경 관리를 강화한다. 둘째, 주택 및 도로 환경을 합리적으로 개선한다. 셋째, 주민들의 자주적 건설 능력을 배양하고 사회 및 문화 환경을 개선한다. 이는 향후 허난성 도시 근교형 농촌 거주환경 개선에 기초자료를 제공하고 주민들의 삶의 질을 단계적으로 향상시키는데 의의가 있다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to understand the living culture of transnational married women and to analyze the out door play of children in their hometown. The data was collected through observation from 27th June to 7th July 2008 in Jian, Jilin Province China. The children's play and lifestyles were observed, and data pertaining to the culture of the people were collected by a teacher and staff. We also visited the residents for housing information. The results are given below. 1. They dressed in Korean clothes on festive days and the boys put on a hood. They had eating habits which included cooking for themselves or buying semi-manufactured goods but did not use, instant food. The housing habits involved a combination of cooking and heating by Korean floor heating system(Ondol). They utilized outdoor space to grow vegetables. Those with a fulltime job(teacher) preferred to live in an apartment but an apartment was too expensive. Public utility charges and traffic expenses were cheap. 2. The main festive days are the lunar New Year's Day and Chuseok. The children returned home and enjoyed the festive day with their parents. The language used are Korean language and Chinese. Some Korean words and phrases in Jian Joseonjok have different meanings as compared to how they are used in Korea. A capping ceremony did not to celebrate becoming an adult from an adolescent. Couples performed a wedding ceremony at a wedding hall attended by their parents and invited relatives from both families. The relatives gave the couple a wedding gift. They did not go on a wedding trip as it was not affordable but instead spent their wedding night at a hotel in this culture. When someone dies, they bury the body after cremation. They perform a memorial service for three years on the birthday of the departed. They have a banquet on the 60th birthdays with their relatives and neighbours and are typically presented with a carp for longevity. 3. They understand capitalism and therefore send their children to school to improve their social position. The Korean and Chinese languages are required subjects in school. The students choose a second language(English or Russian). They prefer English class but at the time of this study an English class was not offered at the school in Jian Joseonjok. Therefore the children entered a Chinese school. 4. The children play outdoor games such as Y$\acute{a}$o J$\grave{i}\bar{a}$(要家), X$\grave{i}$ang g$\grave{i}$(象棋), T$\grave{i}\grave{a}$o p$\acute{i}$ j$\grave{i}$n(r)(跳皮節), D$\grave{o}$uch ing g$\grave{u}$n 凍冷根, B$\bar{e}$i B$\bar{e}$i 背背, and soccer. They play games according to the season.