• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2009

Extracts and fractions of Inonotus obliquus (Chaga in Russia) have been known to have various biological activities, including antimutagenic, anticancer, antioxidative, and immunostimulating effects. This study was performed to confirm anticancer effect of 10% superfine Chaga mushroom processed by nano-mill technology on C57BL/6 mice. Chaga particles belonged in the size of 1 ${\mu}m$ was about 40% after nanomill processing according to the volume distribution. As the result of subcutaneous injection of B16BL6 melanoma cells to the mice, the tumor volume (p<0.001) and tumor weight (p<0.01) was significantly decreased in the experimental (NCh) group as compared with control (C) group and the tumor growth inhibitory rate was 29.2%. On examination of survival rate after intraperitoneal injection of B16BL6 melanoma cells, the mean survival time per a mouse was 17.7 and 26.0 days in C and NCh group respectively. The survival rate of NCh group was 40% when that of C group was 0% at the 35th day. On the result of examination to confirm histological toxicity by Chaga superfine particles, both groups did not show any morphological and pathological changes in the small and large intestine under the light microscope. These results suggest that feeding of superfine Chaga produced by nanomill technique has a tumor growth inhibitory effect in vivo.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.805-811
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• 2016

The present study was performed to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-proliferating activity of the water extract mixture of Cordyceps militaris (CM) and Allium tuberosum (AT). The water extract mixture rate of CM and AT was optimized by means of a sensory evaluation test. The optimized mixture rate were decided at 70% of CM, 30% of AT, and 10% of apple concentrate as an additive. The values of total acidity, pH, sugar contents, and turbidity of the water extract mixture were 0.1%, 4.28, 9.10 °Brix, and 1.48 respectively. The water extract mixture had effective DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power effect, and ABTS radical activity. DPPH radical activities of the water extract and the water extract mixture were 43.2% and 51.7% respectively; their reducing power (OD₇₀₀) was 1.14 and 1.43 respectively; and ABTS^.+ radical activities were 47.1% and 62.2% respectively. Also, the water extract mixture showed a higher anti-proliferating effect than the AT extract on human prostate cancer cells. These results provided experimental evidence that the water extract mixture of CM and AT is a better source of anti-oxidant and anti-cancer ingredients than a single extract of CM. In conclusion, the water extract mixture of CM and AT will be beneficial in development of a functional drink.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

The ultrastructure of the fertilized egg envelope in Cichlasoma managuensis belonging to Cichlidae were investigated by routine light and electron microscopes. The fertilized eggs of Cichlasoma managuensis was of the light yellow, non-transparent, ellipsoidal, adhesive and nonfloted type. The size of fertilized egg was the major axis $1.92{\pm}0.08\;mm$, the minor axis $1.43{\pm}0.04\;mm$. The egg envelopes have a single micropyle, which is thought to the pathway of sperm in the area of the animal pole. An outer surface of fertilized egg envelope was covered by a adhesive reticular structures and the fertilized egg envelopes consisted of two distinct layers; an outer adhesive layer and an inner layer of $13{\sim}15$ horizontal lower electron density lamellae alternating with interlamellae of higher electron density. The external shape of fertilized egg is common trait of fishes belonging to Cichlidae and these ultrastructural characters of fertilized egg envelope can be utilized in taxonomy of teleost.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 2005

The preservative condition and ultrastructure on the mummified hair collected from newly found female mummy in Paju, were investigated by using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The female mummy was found in september, 2002 during the traditional reburial process for the buried ones. The hair of 16th century mummy showed very intact appearances during observation with electron microscope. And the structures of the cortex, medulla and cuticle were well preserved. The cuticle layer was easily discernable, which are composed of six to seven cuticular cells. Each cuticular cells surrounded and thus seperated from its neighbors by intercellular membrane complex. In the cortex, many macrofibrils and some melanin granules between them were observed. We observed well preserved rod form macrofibrils running parallel along the direction of hair shaft. Especially, melanin granules were aggregated in the cortex which was adjacent to the cuticlu layer. As to the cause for the well-preservation of 440 year old hair sample, the presence of surface coat on the hair, which are composed of various materials. As calcium was included in the surface coat in Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), the hardening process of the surface coat by calcium might inhibit the water or microorganism infiltration into the hair.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2009

The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and sperm in Cichlasoma managuensis belonging to Cichlidae was investigated by light and electron microscopes. The testis of C. managuensis contained numerous testicular cysts, and spermatogenesis was synchronized in these testicular cysts. In the case of spermatogonia, the nucleus was comparatively large ellipsoidal, and mitochondria showed a marked development. The size of primary spermatocyte was smaller than that of spermatogonia, and that of secondary spermatocyte was smaller than that of primary spermatocyte. The chromatin of spermatocyte was highly condensed according to their development. The nucleus with electron-dense was round shape. In spermiogenesis, flagella started to be formed and chromatin was more condensed. The mitochondria were rearranged in a middle piece. The sperm was formed by loss of cytoplasm. The head of mature sperm was a spherical shape and had not acrosome. The microtubules of flagella were arranged 9+2 structure. Also, the tail of sperm have lateral fins.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.264-269
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• 2008

To develop an amylolytic industrial yeast strain producing $\beta$-amylase, the BAMY gene encoding Achlya bisexualis $\beta$-amylase was constitutively expressed under the control of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene promoter (ADC1p) in an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast transformation was carried out by an integration system containing $\delta$-sequences as the recombination site. The integrative cassette devoid of bacterial DNA sequences was constructed that contains the BAMY gene and $\delta$-sequences. Industrial S. cerevisiae transformed with this integrative cassette secreted 45 kDa $\beta$-amylase into the culture medium. The $\beta$-amylase activity of the transformant was approximately 18.5-times higher than that of A. bisexualis. The multi-integrated BAMY genes in the transform ant were stable after 100 generations of growth in nonselective medium. Hydrolysis of soluble starch and various starches with the enzyme released maltose but not glucose or oligosaccharides.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nude pack containing black tea water extract (NPBT) on skin wrinkle formation in hairless mice. Skin wrinkles were induced by UVB irradiation to the backs of hairless mice for 5 weeks. And at the same time, NPBT was applied topically. Wrinkle formation, histological changes, expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and protein activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were observed or analyzed. Wrinkles for the control group were formed as a pattern of deep furrows and thick crests. Whereas wrinkles for the NPBT treated group were formed as a pattern of shallow furrows and thin crests, and their wrinkle areas were significantly (p<0.001) lower than the control group. Collagen fibers were arranged irregularly and sparse in density and some elastic fibers were degenerated in the control group, while they were almost intact in the NPBT treated group. MMP-3 mRNA expression in the control group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than the normal group, and that of NPBT treated group was significantly (p<0.001) lower than the control group. The NPBT treated group showed remarkably lower protein activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 than the control group. NPBT could have a considerable inhibitory effect on skin wrinkle formation in hairless mice.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.59-78
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• 2005

This study aims to know the deferences of hair fashion feeling group in accordance with hair styling activities, general characteristics, life styles objecting to capital area university women students and aid to hair fashion design. So the results are as belows. 1. Frequency Analysis of Categories A. Hair fashion feeling - Natural, sexy, romantic pretty, sophisticate, ethnic are 90% in total hair fashion feeling variables in sequence of frequency, so it can be said these are in vogue. B. Hair styling activities - The objections visit the hair salon once 1-2months, spend about 42,000 won a month, perform cut & wave perm to sentimental reasens & hair style changes, determine the hair style well coordinated in her image and managed easily. In her home, they manage her hair style 12 minutes a day, spend 17,000 won to buy hair aids, do hair blow dry or pin or pony tail mainly in the morning, scarcely use the hair styling aids but if use, essence or wax mainly. And the degree of interest to hair style is high. C. General Characteristics - The objections's average age is 21.1, residence is seoul kangnam 23.3%, seoul kangbook 18.4%, other capital areas 58.4%, the degree of education is university students 94.9%, graduated student 5.1%, marriage is married 96%, unmarried 2.8%, family who live with is married are mainly man & woman and living with father & mother in low in man's, unmarried are mainly live alone & nuclear family, personal expenses a month is 300,000 won in average, income of home is 4,000,000 won a month. D. Life style - The objections are not in interest of physical exercises but if are, do yoga & health, like drama & comedies program, watch TV or meet friend in leisure time, like balad & dance music, fashion magazine, meet friend in cafe or college. 2. Relationship of hair fashion feeling & other variables Using the $x^2$-test, level p<0.05, Hair styling activities(frequency of hair salon coming in and out, ordinary time representing hair style, preferred hair styling aids, the amount of hair style interest), General Characteristics(age), Life style(leisure time) variables are meaningful.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1872-1881
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• 2010

Extracts of soybeans fermented by Bacillus subtilis have a wide variety of functions, such as enhancing the body's immune function, fibrinolysis activity, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, estrogen function and anti-infection effects. Recently, it was reported that the extracts of fermented beans exhibit strong anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties by suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and induction of apoptosis, respectively. However, the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity in human gastric cancer cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ethyl alcohol extracts from fermented soybean (FS) and yellow agabean (FYA) on cell growth and apoptosis in AGS human gastric cancer cells. A treatment of FS and FYA inhibited the growth of AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis. FS- and FYA-induced apoptosis were associated with down-regulation of XIAP and cIAP-2, and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression. Moreover, a treatment of FS and FYA not only triggered an increase in the levels of death receptor (DR)4, DR5, Fas and FasL, but also induced the activation of casepase-3, -8 and -9. These findings illustrate that FS and FYA may have a therapeutic potential in human gastric AGS cells and as a functional food.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.200-204
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• 2013

To contruct amylolytic industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which produce ethanol efficiently from raw starch, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ${\alpha}$-amylase genes (Amy) or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase genes (GA1) was separately introduced into the ribosomal DNA loci in the chromosomes of the raw starch fermenting-parental strain (ATCC 9763/$YIp{\delta}AGSA{\delta}$), using double 18S rDNA-integration system. Ethanol production after 3 days of fermentation by the strain that produced ethanol most efficiently from raw starch (ATCC 9763/$YIp{\delta}AGSA{\delta}$/YIpAG2rD) among the transformant strains was 1.5-times higher than that by the parental strain. This new strain generated 9.2% (v/v) ethanol (72 g/L) from 20% (w/v) raw corn starch and consumed 75% of the raw starch content during the same period.