• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-69
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• 2011

Classification of estuaries based on their multi-component and multidisciplinary processes is important for the systematic management of estuaries. In this study, an integrated GlS-based analysis system including high resolution aerial photographies and topographic maps was used to classify 463 estuaries based on estuarine circulation pattern, geomorphological feature, natural habitat distribution and characteristics of land use. These estuaries were divided into two basic types, open and closed. Two hundred and thirty five systems were open estuaries comprising of forty one mountainous type (OM), eighty sevcn sandpit type (OS) and one hundred seven funnel type (OF). Each type of open estuary was further classified into three types based on habitat distribution and land use characteristics resulting in total ninc types of open estuaries. Two hundred and twenty eight estuaries were closed systems comprising of one hundred and forty four blocked type (CB directly) and eighty four lake type (CL, indirectly). CB type estuary was further classified into three types based on habitat distribution and land use characteristics. This estuarine classification scheme can be applied to provide a framework for effective management strategies of individual estuaries to estimate the management priority and strategy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.115-127
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• 2024

This research aimed to construct models with various structures based on the Transformer module and to perform land cover classification, thereby examining the applicability of the Transformer module. For the classification of land cover, the Unet model, which has a CNN structure, was selected as the base model, and a total of four deep learning models were constructed by combining both the encoder and decoder parts with the Transformer module. During the training process of the deep learning models, the training was repeated 10 times under the same conditions to evaluate the generalization performance. The evaluation of the classification accuracy of the deep learning models showed that the Model D, which utilized the Transformer module in both the encoder and decoder structures, achieved the highest overall accuracy with an average of approximately 89.4% and a Kappa coefficient average of about 73.2%. In terms of training time, models based on CNN were the most efficient. however, the use of Transformer-based models resulted in an average improvement of 0.5% in classification accuracy based on the Kappa coefficient. It is considered necessary to refine the model by considering various variables such as adjusting hyperparameters and image patch sizes during the integration process with CNN models. A common issue identified in all models during the land cover classification process was the difficulty in detecting small-scale objects. To improve this misclassification phenomenon, it is deemed necessary to explore the use of high-resolution input data and integrate multidimensional data that includes terrain and texture information.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.1241-1250
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• 2002

The communication between Ship and Land have bad communication environment and high cost comparing with land situation. In case of data communication for I-mail, the primary used speed is from 4800 bps to 9600bps. even this low speed user has difficulty to use data communication because of high cost. and this kind of data communication software is all imported from foreign country. In this paper we designed and implemented this communication server and client using Inmarsat A/B/miniM/M4/GAN(F77) by benchmarking of foreign product like Netverk, Marinet, Amosmail. the focus of this product is like next 1) communication cost down 2) Link between Ship Application and Land Office Application 3) Convenient of usage in Ship 4) perfect management of message to from ship.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.111-124
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• 2010

To monitor the environment of land surface change is considered as an important research field since those parameters are related with land use, climate change, meteorological study, agriculture modulation, surface energy balance, and surface environment system. For the change detection, many different methods have been presented for distributing more detailed information with various tools from ground based measurement to satellite multi-spectral sensor. Recently, using high resolution satellite data is considered the most efficient way to monitor extensive land environmental system especially for higher spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, we use two different spatial resolution satellites; the one is SPOT/VEGETATION with 1 km spatial resolution to detect coarse resolution of the area change and determine objective threshold. The other is Landsat satellite having high resolution to figure out detailed land environmental change. According to their spatial resolution, they show different observation characteristics such as repeat cycle, and the global coverage. By correlating two kinds of satellites, we can detect land surface change from mid resolution to high resolution. The K-mean clustering algorithm is applied to detect changed area with two different temporal images. When using solar spectral band, there are complicate surface reflectance scattering characteristics which make surface change detection difficult. That effect would be leading serious problems when interpreting surface characteristics. For example, in spite of constant their own surface reflectance value, it could be changed according to solar, and sensor relative observation location. To reduce those affects, in this study, long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with solar spectral channels performed for atmospheric and bi-directional correction from SPOT/VEGETATION data are utilized to offer objective threshold value for detecting land surface change, since that NDVI has less sensitivity for solar geometry than solar channel. The surface change detection based on long-term NDVI shows improved results than when only using Landsat.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2008

The district unit planning (DUP) in Korea is a planning instrument. One of the key methods is the incentive system focused on the mitigation of the financial charge of business proprietors with use of various planning deregulation. Here in this paper, it is examined whether the incentive system is indiscriminately applied not only in the metropolitan cities but also in the rural cities. The analysis is carried out with six indicators in relation to the effect on the incentive system on the market of Apartment Housing Development. The indicators are a. the building-to-land ratio(BLR), b. the floor area ratio(FAR) c. the publicly assessed value of land(PAVL), d. the sale price of land(SPL), e. the sale/lease price of apartment house(SLPH) and f. the ratio of housing subscription(RHS). The final result is that the incentive system has different effects between metropolitan cities and rural cities. One of reasons lies on the too high FAR in rural cities to be given basically. Another reason lies on the difference between the cost for purchasing public installation and the profit of the sale & lease price of apartment house. In rural cities their difference becomes much narrow. Finally, the low ratio of housing subscription(RHS) in rural cities makes the effect of the incentive system nearby meaningless.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

There are still a number of "olles" existing with traditional alley characteristics in the inner city of Jeju. As a matter of fact, the renovation of old buildings and the protection of alley space are facing a dilemma due to the existence of less than 4m-width-roads in the area of "Mu-geun-sung". This study examines the current status of alley space in "Mu-geun-sung" area; and puts forward to the potential possibility and limitation of alley space regeneration via exploring the applicable scheme of building agreement. In the field survey, a number of regions in inner city of Jeju witnesses the existing majority of invaluable, conventional olles. So as to grasp the feasibility in "Mu-geun-sung" area, we designs a simulating experiment to carry out the Building Agreement; and compares with the current development model in this area. Building Agreement implies to establish gradually a separation of land ownership under the existing unified development of landowners and users, thus to explore a variety of land exploitation systems by separating land ownership and right to use land. As a result, the deterioration of the street landscape results from the increase of building storey numbers. The damages to the surrounding environment brought by the newly built buildings will be minimized as well as keeping the maximum building volume rate. Obviously, these measures will alleviate infringement to the traditional residential sunlight and privacy space effectively, and reduce the pressure from high-rise buildings to the alley space, so that the landscape of the alley will enhance to form a more comfortable alley environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.145-159
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• 1997

Cheju Island is the most attractive resort area in Korea for its exotic landscape, natural beauty, and traditional culture which is quite different from that of the mainland. Until now, most of the recreational facilities and accomodations have been constructed along the coastal areas. Recently, mid-mountain area has been under very heavy development pressure because it is suitable for new sites for tourism facilities and the land price in the coastal area is very high. The mid-mountain area is the land located 200-600m above the sea level. It is a major source of water supply for the island and has exotic scenic beauty, which cannot be found in mainland but it is the area very vulnerable to water pollution Therefore, it is very important to manage this area based on the concept of environmentally sound and sustainable development in order to meet ever increasing demand for the land development The purposes of this project are: 1) to establish Geographic Information System for the whole island, 2)to formulate environmentally sound landuse plat However, There has been accuracy of the original map, defining criteria of analysis, updating of the data were identified for future tasks to be studied.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.8 no.1 s.15
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

Changes of chemical properties by times of the reclaimed tidal land soils and soil surface water, underground infiltration water with precipitation-runoff on natural meteological condition in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields were investigated. This study was carried out to use environment-friendly farm land in the reclaimed tidal lands. The soils used in this study were saline-alkaline soils with the high $Na^+$ and $Mg^{++}$ content. As the results of investigation outflow loading of nutriments through outflow water in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields by precipitation during the survey period, nutriments equivalent to T-N $1{\sim}2\;kg\;10a^{ -1}$ and T-P $0.01{\sim}0.02\;kg\;10a^{-1}$ from in the unripened tidal lands were discharged. Besides, the results of comparison losses of cation through outflow water showed $Na^+>\;K^+>\;Mg^{++}\;>\;Ca^{++}$, and the highest appeared water discharge of $Na^+$. In case of saemangeum reclaimed tidal land soils water discharge of cations showed $Ca^{++}$ 1.3 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Mg^{++}$ 1.6 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Na^+$ 17.7 kg $10a^{-1}$, and $K^+$ 3.2 kg $10a^{-1}$ respectively. On the other hand, in case of koheung reclaimed tidal lands soils water discharge of cations showed $Ca^{++}$ 18.1 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Mg^{++}$ 31.2 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Na^+$ 320.8 kg $10a^{-1}$ and $K^+$ 51.2 kg $10a^{-1}$ respectively.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.153-160
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• 2021

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the radiological surface temperature which observed by satellite. It is very important factor to estimate condition of the Earth such as Global warming and Heat island. For these reasons, many countries operate their own satellite to observe the Earth condition. South Korea has many landcovers such as forest, crop land, urban. Therefore, if we want to retrieve accurate LST, we would use high-resolution satellite data. In this study, we made LSTs with 4 LST retrieval algorithms which are used widely with Landsat-8 data which has 30 m spatial resolution. We retrieved LST using equations of Price, Becker et al. Prata, Coll et al. and they showed very similar spatial distribution. We validated 4 LSTs with Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST data to find the most suitable algorithm. As a result, every LST shows 2.160 ~ 3.387 K of RMSE. And LST by Prata algorithm show the lowest RMSE than others. With this validation result, we choose LST by Prata algorithm as the most suitable LST to South Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.287-299
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• 2015

If the Nakdong River estuary is to be sustainable, land use management practices need to consider bird habitat requirements, especially given that the area serves as an important migratory bird sanctuary. In this study, bird habitats found in the Nakdong River estuary were classified into 11 different types including Phragmites australiss, mud flat, farmland, open surface in freshwater, sand bar, riparian forest, Scirpus planiculmis, waterway, construction, grasslands, and open surface in sea or brackish water. Taking into consideration the regional characteristics, habitat properties, and landscape indices, a total of 12 study sites were analyzed. Mud flat, construction, farmland, and P. australis account for 80% of the total land area. The high area ratio of construction and farmland to other types of habitat revealed a high amount of historical human activity and intervention in the area. Both patch numbers as well as patch density were high in West Nakdong River, Samrak Waterfront, Maekdo River, and Daejeo Floodgate, with these areas showing the greatest fragmentation as well. Total numbers of species and individuals had a positive correlation with the area and the number of habitat types. Findings suggest that protecting the habitat area, especially in S. planiculmis, is the most important factor for bird habitat management and that future development could result in habitat loss, having a profoundly adverse impact on bird populations. Therefore, it is important that the total area should be carefully protected by land use regulations in order to ensure that the Nakdong River estuary maintains its functional integrity as a migratory bird sanctuary.