• 대순사상과 동아시아종교
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.103-125
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• 2021

This paper deals with figurative meanings of Haewon-sangsaeng. It is an investigation which is both semantic and diachronic. In the first part, important implications of sangsaeng (or xiangsheng in Chinese) in the context of correlative cosmology are extensively explored. Among others, saeng (in Chinese sheng) as a powerful metaphor and its related Chinese compounds are broadly discussed. In the second part, the evolution of ideas of yuan (or won in Korean) in Chinese history is explicated. Above all, in the traditional Chinese cultural milieu, wrongful treatments which make victims feel themselves aggrieved are socio-politically orientated. The Scripture on Great Peace (Taiping Jing) is used as reference point to elucidate the essential points of yuan and its knots. However, the advent of Buddhism in East Asia adds a new dimension to the understanding of yuan (won). Accumulated yuan as karmic bond thus gives a new identity of yuan as predetermined animosity. Widely recognized idioms like "adverse relatives and karmic debtors" and indigenous Chinese Buddhist rituals like Repentance Ritual of the Emperor Liang bear witness to this transformation of the meaning of yuan in East Asia. The fruitful yet correlated meanings of yuan also make the endeavor of untying yuan deeply significant and important to human society. Haewon-sangsaeng, as a religio-ethical ideal, brings out an amicable and harmonious relationship among myriad beings in the cosmos.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.529-548
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• 2011

Zu Wen-Zao(朱文藻), Li Tiao-Yuan(李調元), Hong Liang-Ji(洪亮吉), Peng Yuan-Rui(彭元瑞), Qian Dong-Huan(錢東垣), Sun Xing-Yan(孫星衍), Ruan Yuan(阮元), Chen Zhan(陳?), Wu Shi-Fen(嗚式芬), Feng Gui-Fen(馮桂芬), He Shao-Ji(何紹基), Fan Zu-Yin(潘祖蔭) made the contributions to the theoretical construction to the science of Chinese characters in their books "Shuwenxizhuankao(說文繫傳考異)", "Liushufenhao(六書分毫)", "Liushuzhuanzhulu(六書轉注錄)", "Xiqinggujian(西淸古鑒)", "Xiaoeryajiaozheng(小爾雅校證)", "Jiujingzhengsuzikao(九經正俗字考)", "Jiguzhaizhongdingyiqikuanshi(積古齋鐘鼎?器款識)", "Shuwenshengxi(說文聲繫)", "Shuwenjiuzizhengyi(說文解字正義)", "Jungulu(?古錄)", "Shuwenjiuzizhukaozheng (說文解字段注考正)", "Shuowenduanzhubozheng(說文段注駁正)", "Haidongjinshilu(海東金石錄)". They analyzed the rules behind character construction, and tried to find out the nature of Chinese characters, the relationship between Chinese characters, the evolutionary laws of Chinese characters, the characteristic of ancient Chinese characters etc.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.385-400
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• 2004

China has pegged its currency to the US dollar (at RMB 8.3 to the dollar) since 1994. The yuan's dollar peg has increased demand for chinese exports, which account for about a third of gross domestic product. The peg has also helped to attract $308 billion in foreign investment. But there has been criticism that China has over the past two years been engaging in protracted, large-scale intervention in one direction in exchange markets. According to many reports, RMB is undervalued by somewhere between 15 and 30% by manipulation. China may not want to float the currency at once, since doing so would have a dramatic and negative effect on the economy. However, there has so far been strong pressure from trading partners including the Unite States, Japan, EU. Considered all these things, China may eventually allow some changes in the Yuan's value. This may come in the form of widening a band of movement for the currency, rather than letting it float freely in the market.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1387-1395
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• 2015

2008년 글로벌 금융위기 이후 중국 위안화의 점진적인 국제화로 역내와 역외시장에서 거래되는 통화인 역내위안화와 역외위안화가 형성되었다. 본 연구는 위안화 국제화와 중국 외환시장 규제 완화에 따라 변화하는 중국 역내 외 위안화 환율시장사이의 상호 연계성에 대해 실증적으로 분석하였다. 벡터자기회귀모형에 기초를 둔 그랜저인과관계분석과 충격반응함수분석을 실시하였으며 주요 실증분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국 역내 위안화 현물환율시장과 역외 위안화 현물시장은 상호 연동되어 같은 방향으로 움직이고 두 환율사이에는 피드백적인 영향력이 존재하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 중국 역외 위안화 시장은 자본 유출입에 따른 리스크는 통제하면서 자본계정 자유화의 효과를 가질 수 있기 때문에 중국 역외 위안화 시장의 안정된 수급으로 인해 역내 외 환율간의 차이가 줄어들고 있다. 이는 중국 역외 위안화의 자유화 확대로 인한 역외 위안화 예금 및 결제 증가, 자유변동환율제도 그리고 역외 위안화 파생상품시장의 거래량 및 유동성 증가 등의 요인 때문으로 여겨진다. 셋째, 중국 역외 위완화변화율은 역내 위안화 변화율에 강한 인과적인 영향을 미치는 반면 역내 시장의 변화율은 역외 변화율에 상대적으로 약한 인과적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 종합하면 중국 역외 위안화 시장은 역내 위안화 시장에 비해 규모도 상대적으로 작고 발전기간도 5년으로 짧지만, 해외경제 금융동향과 위안화시장의 공급과 수요를 정확히 반영한다는 점에서 중국중앙은행의 정책 영향을 많이 받는 역내 위안화 시장을 이끄는 모습을 보였다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2021

This study aims to forecast the exchange rate of the Chinese Yuan against the US Dollar by a combination of different models as proposed by Poon and Granger (2003) during the Covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, we include three uni-variate time series models, i.e., ARIMA, Naïve, Exponential smoothing, and one multivariate model, i.e., NARDL. This is the first of its kind endeavor to combine univariate models along with NARDL to the best of our knowledge. Utilizing monthly data from January 2011 to December 2020, we predict the Chinese Yuan against the US dollar by two combination criteria i.e. var-cor and equal weightage. After finding out the individual accuracy, the models are then assessed through equal weightage and var-cor methods. Our results suggest that Naïve outperforms all individual & combination of time series models. Similarly, the combination of NARDL and Naïve model again outperformed all of the individual as well as combined models except the Naïve model, with the lowest MAPE value of 0764. The results suggesting that the Chinese Yuan exchange rate against the US Dollar is dependent upon the recent observations of the time series. Further evidence shows that the combination of models plays a vital role in forecasting which commensurate with the literature.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2021

This paper makes a quantitative analysis of the diachronic evolution of ancient Chinese vocabulary by constructing and counting a large-scale rough annotated corpus. The texts from Si Ku Quan Shu (a collection of Chinese ancient books) are automatically segmented to obtain ancient Chinese vocabulary with time information, which is used to the statistics on word frequency, standardized type/token ratio and proportion of monosyllabic words and dissyllabic words. Through data analysis, this study has the following four findings. Firstly, the high-frequency words in ancient Chinese are stable to a certain extent. Secondly, there is no obvious dissyllabic trend in ancient Chinese vocabulary. Moreover, the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 AD) and Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD) are probably the two periods with the most abundant vocabulary in ancient Chinese. Finally, the unique words with high frequency in each dynasty are mainly official titles with real power. These findings break away from qualitative methods used in traditional researches on Chinese language history and instead uses quantitative methods to draw macroscopic conclusions from large-scale corpus.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

2008년 글로벌 금융위기 이후 중국은 위안화 국제화의 점진적 추진을 진행하면서 중국상하이 외환시장과 중국홍콩 외환시장에서 거래되는 통화인 역내위안화와 역외위안화를 형성시켰다. 본 연구는 위안화 국제화와 점진적인 중국 자본계정 개방에 따라 급변하는 외환시장상황의 변동성을 정확하게 파악하기 위해서 GARCH모형 (일반화된 자기회귀 조건부이분산성모형)에 다단계인공신경망을 결합한 MLP-GARCH 모형과 GARCH모형과 기계학습의 일종인 딥러닝 (deep learning)을 통합한 DL-GARCH을 가지고 위안화 변동성예측을 비교 실험과 분석을 하였다. 비교분석 결과 DL-GARCH 모형은 MLP-GARCH보다 모형 위안화 역내 외 환율변동성 예측 면에서 더욱 더 개선된 예측값을 제공하였다. 그래서 이분산시계열모형을 딥러닝과 결합한 DL-GARCH 모형은 시계열의 환율 변동성 예측 문제에 딥러닝을 응용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 향후 이분산시계열과 결합된 딥러닝 모형은 다른 금융시계열 데이터에 응용하여 그 일반화 가능성을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

In this study, Characteristics of colors on Chinese traditional costume in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty were compared. And general colors of Chinese traditional costume and the viewpoint of them were considered. The purpose of this study were to apt colors of Chinese traditional costumes to the sensory appetite of modern people for new things, and make the recreation inspired by new senses be applied into the fashion industry effectively. The results were as followed : Firstly, colors distribution of 5 dynasties were different. In the Tang, R(red) was highest, YR(yellow red) and Y(yellow) followed. In the Song, YR was highest, Y and R followed and PB(purple blue) was increased, In the Yuan, R, YR, PB, B were concentrated at low rates, and other colors were increased, In the Ming, Y, R and B were concentrated at low rates orderly, and other colors were increased, In the Qing, PB was highest and Y, R, YR, B, P(purple) were increased. Secondly, tons distribution of 5 dynasties were different. In the Tang, L(light) was highest, P(pale) and Lgr(light grayish) followed. In the Song, P(pale) was highest, Lgr, Gr(grayish) and Dl(dull) followed In the Yuan, Dp(deep) was highest, P and Lgr followed, and other tones were increased, In the Ming, S(strong) was highest, DI and V(vivid) followed. Thirdly, The general colors of 5 dynasty were R, YR, Y, B, PB colors with vivid, deep and light tones. Forth, the viewpoint of color on Chinese traditional costume was based on the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements theory. Based on results of this study, the successive researches will be carried out about the unique colors of each nation and application traditional colors to modern fashion industry in order to the unique cultural sense.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.325-333
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• 2016

Chinese Mathematics during the period of Jin (1115-1234) and Yuan (1271-1368) is an integral part of the high achievements of traditional mathematics during the Song (962-1279) and Yuan dynasties, which is another peak in the history of Chinese mathematics, following the footsteps of the high accomplishments during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE), the Western Han (206 BCE-24 ADE), Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD), Jin dynasty (265-420 AD), and Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589 AD). During the Jin-Yuan period, Quanzhen Taoism was a dominating branch in Taoism. It offered certain political protection and religious comforts to many during troubled times; it also provided a relatively stable environment for intellectual development. Li Ye (1192-1279), Zhu Shijie (fl. late 13th C to early 14th C) and Zhao Youqin (fl. late 13th C to early 14th C), the major actors and contributors to the Jin-Yuan Mathematics achievements, were either heavily influenced by the philosophy of Quanzhen Taoism, or being its followers. In certain Taoist Classics, Li Ye read the records of the relations of a circle and nine right triangles which has been known as Dongyuan jiurong 洞渊九容 of Quanzhen Taoism. These relations made significant contributions in the study of the circles inscribed in a right triangle, the reasoning of which directly led to the birth of the Method of Celestial Elements (Tianyuan shu 天元术), which further developed into the Method of Two Elements (Eryuan shu ⼆元术), the Method of Three Elements (Sanyuan shu 三元术) and the Method of Four Elements (Siyuan shu 四元术).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.3829-3833
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• 2016

Inhibition of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. Polysaccharide extracted from polygonatum can selectively inhibit the growth of prostate-CAFs (p<0.001) without inhibiting the growth of normal fibroblasts (NAFs). Polysaccharides from polygonatum stimulate autophagy of prostate-CAFs. 3-methyl-adenine(3-MA) is an autophagy inhibitor. 3-MA was added to prostate-CAFs with polysaccharide from polygonatum to determine whether autophagy plays an important role in the restrained effect. Finally, polysaccharide from polygonatum treatment significantly increased the activation of Beclin-1 and LC3, key autophagy proteins. Polysaccharide from polygonatum stimulates autophagy of prostate-CAFs and inhibits prostate-CAF growth, indicating that a novel anti-cancer strategy involves inhibiting the growth of prostate-CAFs.