• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2016

Along with China's increasing share in global total $CO_2$ emissions, there is a necessity for China to shoulder large emission-mitigating responsibility. The appropriate allocation of $CO_2$ emission quotas can build up a solid foundation for future emissions trading. In views of originality, an optimized approach to determine $CO_2$ emissions allocation efficiency based on the zero sum gains data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) method is proposed. This paper uses a non-radial ZSG-DEA model to allocate $CO_2$ emissions between different Chinese provinces by 2020 and treats $CO_2$ as the undesirable output variable. Through the calculation of efficiency allocation amounts of provincial $CO_2$ emissions, all provinces are on the ZSG-DEA efficiency frontier. The allocation results indicate that the cumulative optimal amounts of $CO_2$ emissions in 2020 were higher than the actual amounts in 13 provinces, and lower in other 17 provinces, and show that different provinces have to shoulder different mitigation burdens in terms of emission reduction.

• 대한지역사회영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한지역사회영양학회 2005년도 10th Anniversary International Symposium
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• pp.20-32
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• 2005

With the prosperous economy, the status of diet and nutrition among the urban and rural Chinese population has been improved significantly. This paper will focuses on three main surveys in China. (1)'Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in China': Phase I focused on analysis of previous data. Phase II was a pilot survey initiated in Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Zhejiang, Guangzhou, and Sichuan in 1990. (2) 'The China Health and Nutrition Survey' is an ongoing longitudinal project covered 8(9) provinces in 1991,1993,1997,2000. This paper will analysis the adults aged 18 45 of 1991, 1993, 1997, and 2000. (3) Survey on the status of nutrition and health of the Chinese (2002) is an across sectional study covered 31 provinces, autonomous region and the municipalities. The data was used to analyze the status of food consumption and dietary nutrients intake of Chinese population. In the past ten years, the prevalence of malnutrition and nutrition deficiency has been continuously decreased. The consumptions of animal products, milk, and edible oil have been increased, while the dairy and legume products consumption decreased. The unbalance was showed with a downward trend in cereals, vegetables and fruits consumption and a significant increase in animal products and oil intake among urban people. Dietary pattern of some subjects went away to 'high energy density' diet. The deficiency of calcium, retinal and ascorbic acid etc, especially in the rural areas still exist. China is undergoing a remarkable, but undesirable, rapid transition towards a stage of the nutrition transition characterized by high rates of DR NCDs in a very short time. China is facing the dual challenges of nutrition deficiency and nutrition imbalance. The results can help to understand the dietary structure and the status of nutrition among Chinese people over the past years. It will provide the basis for formulating relevant state policies.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.73-91
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• 2009

본 연구는 중국의 성(省)별 소득불균형의 추이를 살펴보고 패널 데이터 분석방법을 이용하여 지역별 소득불균형에 대한 세계화의 영향을 추정하였다. 실증분석을 위한 패널 자료는 중국의 지역별 소득불균형이 크게 확대되기 시작한 1990년부터 자료가 이용 가능한 2007년까지 중국의 29개 성별 자료를 이용하였다. 1990년대 중국의 성간 불균형은 크게 확대되는 추세를 보였으며, 2000년 이후 불균형 정도는 서서히 약화되는 것으로 나타났다. 중국을 대상으로 한 실증분석 결과는 성의 국제무역 규모 수준뿐만 아니라 전체 성들의 평균에 대한 비율 모두 중국의 성별 소득 불균형에 중요한 영향을 미치는 변수임을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 국제무역의 성장은 성간 소득불균형을 확대시킬 수 있음을 의미한다. 한편 중국의 각 성들은 넒은 영역을 포함하므로 각각의 성들 내에서도 도시와 농촌지역간 불균형이 지역간 소득불균형의 중요한 원인이 될 수 있다. 그러므로 지역간 균형발전을 위한 중앙정부의 서부대개발정책과 병행하여 소도시들에 대한 다양한 개발정책들이 필요함을 시사한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup2호
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• pp.7-9
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• 2016

In order to help smokers quit easier, China has started to provide quitline service since 2004. There are two models for Chinese quitline service-the National Quitline Model, which provides only cessation service to smokers, and the 12320 Hotline Model, which integrates cessation counseling into public health hotline service and is currently adapted in public health hotlines in 28 provinces. A protocol of 4 counseling calls is used by 12320 Hotline. Three-month abstinence rate for clients is about 20%. The fact that most smokers who attempted quit don't seek cessation help or quitline service is not well known by the public are major constraints for quitline service in China. Effective advocating campaign should be implemented to propagate quitline. Diverse protocols targeting different subpopulation will also need to be developed to better service the public.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2020

Purpose: For bakery retailers that want to enter the Chinese market, this study seeks to draw implications through the analysis of Paris Baguette, Paul Bakery and local competitors. In particular, the study analyzes entry strategies, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the companies. Research design, data and methodology: This study analyzed the Chinese bakery industry and overviewed the policy of bakery industry. The research method utilized Chinese Statistical Yearbook of Food Industry and literature related to Chinese bakery industry. Additionally, this study used case analysis methods for foreign and local bakery enterprises in the bakery industry. Results: During the rapid growth of bakery industry, Paris Baguette made a successful settlement by utilizing localization strategy; while on the contrary, Paul Bakery took a standardization strategy and failed in the Chinese market. Conclusions: Paris Baguette succeeded in launching localized products after thoroughly analyzing products that suit local tastes in China. However, Paul Bakery has been knocked out of the Chinese market for failing to capture the taste of the Chinese people by launching standardized products that reproduce French culture and taste. As such, the Chinese market is huge and differences exist in different provinces, so standardization and localization strategies should be appropriately utilized.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.519-522
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• 2021

The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55-3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

As a result of the rapid economic growth and birth control policy, China is experiencing low fertility rates and increasing life expectancy, which makes Chinese population aging very quickly and unprepared for their retired life. The reverse mortgage may be an attractive option for the elderly because it is a loan against a house that they do not have to pay back as long as they live there. In this paper, in order to introduce the reverse mortgage scheme in China the factors that could influence the demand of reverse mortgage are reviewed and the Chinese market environment is analyzed. Then the principal component analysis is performed in order to recommend the regions or cities that have higher potential for successful implementation of a reverse mortgage than any other ones in China.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.119-135
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• 2016

The initial phase of the Mongol invasion resulted in the establishment of relative political stability in the vast expanses of Eurasia, which came under the control of a single political entity - the Mongol realm. This contributed to a fairly rapid restoration of the commercial links and trade routes between the East and the West. During this period, Chinese silk again became available in large quantities in the Western markets. At the same time, the beginning of silk production and manufacturing of silk fabrics in Italy and the fashion flash for these goods in Western countries affected trade between Europe and the Muslim world. The centers of silk production in the Ilkhanid Empire were some provinces of Azerbaijan and Persia, where from it was exported in large numbers along the trade routes of Anatolia and Syria to the Mediterranean ports and further to the west. There are numerous testimonies of European travelers, and Muslim authors related the international silk trade in 13th-15th centuries, ie in the era from the Mongol Ilkhanid Empire till the reign of the Turkman Aqqoyunlu dynasty. One of the most informative documentary sources on this issue are the legislative codes (kanuname) of sultan Uzun Hasan from the Aqqoyunlu dynasty regarding the eastern provinces of the Asia Minor. This article presents and analyzes the information from these documents concerning the whole range of goods related to silk and silk fabrics trade in the period under the consideration.

• 인문언어
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• 제6권
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• pp.265-291
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• 2004

The main purpose of this paper Is to analyze the characteristics of the Korean language used as a major communication means within the Korean community in Chenguoz District of Harbin, Heirungjiang Province, China, in terms of its phonology, morphology and syntax. The study focuses on how a variety of languages and dialects including Chinese, the Standard Chinese Korean adopted as a means of teaching in Korean schools, and Kyongsang Dialect of Korean have influenced the language of the community. It also deals as background information with the history of the community, the attitude of the community members toward Korean and Chinese, and their proficiencies of Korean and Chinese, to obtain the general picture of the bilingualism of this community. This specific region was studied since this region and most of the Korean communities in the Heirungjiang province were formed by descendents of the immigrants from the southern provinces of the Korean Peninsula, which allows the comparison between the language used today and the language their ancestors used before moving to this area. Due to the industrialization and innovation brought about by the opening of the Chinese society, the fast outward flow of youths to urban areas, and greater assimilation threats from the embedding Chinese culture, we are not too sure if the Korean language will continue to be used in the future. Given these circumstances, we consider this research most opportune in that it provides a look into the Korean community that developed its distinctive culture and language within an isolated cultural environment.

• 인문언어
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• 제6권
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• pp.241-263
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• 2004

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the Korean language used as a major communication means within the Korean community in Chenguoz District of Harbin, Heirungjiang Province, China, in terms of its phonology, morphology and syntax. The study focuses on how a variety of languages and dialects including Chinese, the Standard Chinese Korean adopted as a means of teaching in Korean schools, and Kyongsang Dialect of Korean have influenced the language of the community It also deals as background information with the history of the community, the attitude of the community members toward Korean and Chinese, and their proficiencies of Korean and Chinese, to obtain the general picture of the bilingualism of this community This specific region was studied since this region and most of the Korean communities in the Heirungjiang province were formed by descendents of the immigrants from the southern provinces of the Korean Peninsula, which allows the comparison between the language used today and the language their ancestors used before moving to this area. Due to the industrialization and innovation brought about by the opening of the Chinese society, the fast outward flow of youths to urban areas, and greater assimilation threats from the embedding Chinese culture, we are not too sure if the Korean language will continue to be used in the future. Given these circumstances, we consider this research most opportune in that it provides a look into the Korean community that developed its distinctive culture and tanguage within an isolated cultural environment.