• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.682-688
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• 2013

꾸지뽕(Cudrania tricuspidata) 열매의 면역증강 작용을 검토하기 위하여 유산균을 이용하여 발효한 후 70% 에탄올 추출하여 그 추출물을 마우스 비장세포에 작용한 후 분비되는 cytokine으로 면역활성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 발효에 의해 성분의 변화로 총 페놀함량을 측정한 결과 발효에 의해 폴리페놀 함량이 약 47% 증가하였으며, 면역활성에서는 발효 꾸지뽕 열매에서 cytokine IL-2와IL-4의 분비량이 증가하였다. 그리고 LPS 자극제와 함께 처리하였을 때, Th1 cell 유도 cytokine인 IL-2, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$의 분비는 억제되었으나, Th2 cell 유도 cytokine인 IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10의 분비량이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이는 발효 꾸지뽕 나무 열매 추출물이 Th1 cell의 발현에 의해 유도되는 세포성 면역작용 반응은 억제하며, B 림프구에 의한 항체생성과 관련된 체액성 면역작용을 유도하는 Th2 cell의 발현을 활성화 하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2009

Objectives : It has been recently shown that Piperis Longi Fructus (PLF) is involved in the reduction of eosinophil recruitment and production of Th2 cytokines in vivo. However, the main therapeutic mechanisms of PLF remains a matter of considerable debate. To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of PLF, we examined the influence of PLF on regulatory T cells number, IgE, histamine production in vivo and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in vitro. Methods : All mice were immunized on two different days (21 days and 7 days before inhalational exposure) by i.p. injections of 0.2 $m\ell$ alum-precipitated Ag containing 100 ${\mu}g$ of OVA bound to 4 mg of aluminum hydroxide in PBS. Seven days after the second sensitization, mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin for 30 min/day on 3 days/week for 12 weeks(at a flow rate of 250 L/min, 2.5％ ovalbumin in normal saline) and PLF (150 mg/kg) were orally administered 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice at 8 weeks of age were stimulated with anti-CD3 (1 mg/ml) plus anti-CD28 (1 mg/ml) antibody for 48hrs. IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA Results : The suppressive effects of PLF on asthma model were demonstrated by the increase the number of regulatory T cells and by reducing IgE, histamine production in vivo and modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Conclusions : These results indicate that PLF has a deep inhibitory effects on asthma model mice by increase the number of regulatory T cells, and by reducing IgE, histamine production.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.503-514
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• 2015

은행잎 유래 플라보놀 성분이 갖는 항아토피 활성에 대해 입증된 바는 드물다. 이 논문에서는 MC/9 비만세포에서의 은행잎 플라보놀의 항아토피 효과를 조사하기 위하여 ELISA와 Real-time PCR, western blot으로 은행잎 플라보놀을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 IL-13, MIP-1a의 생성량은 농도 의존적으로 현저하게 감소되었으며 IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-a 유전자 발현량은 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서 효과적으로 억제되었다. western blot 분석 결과 c-jun과 NFAT-1단백질 발현이 감소되었음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들은 은행잎 유래 플라보놀 성분이 NFAT-1, c-jun 전사인자의 전사를 억제함으로써 MC/9 비만세포에서의 Th2 싸이토카인의 생성을 감소시키는 효과를 갖는 것을 나타낸다. 따라서 은행잎 유래 플라보놀 성분이 아토피 피부염 치료제로서 활용가능성이 있음을 보고하고자 한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.922-927
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• 2005

In the present study, baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, a major flavone isolated from Scutellaria Radix were examined for their effects on PMA-induced Interlukin-6 (IL-6), $interferon-\gamma(IFN-\gamma)$, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-\alpha$, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 productions in the PMA-stimulated $CD4^+$ Jurkat T cells. These three compounds inhibited PMA-induced Th1 cytokine $(IL-6,\;IFN-\gamma,\;TNF-\alpha)$ and Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) productions in a concentration-dependent manner. But wogonin, but not baicalin baicalein, increased PMA-induced IL-10 production. These results suggest that baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, a major flavone modulate Th1 and Th2 cytokine productions in $CD4^+$ Jurkat T cells and these properties may contribute to the anti-atopic dermatitis activity of Scutellaria Radix.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.631-636
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• 2008

Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus (ADA) have been shown to have various levels of activity such as antioxidant, anticancer, antivirus, and immunostimulatory effects. However, little is known about its mechanism related to the modulation of immune activities. In this study, a water extract of ADA leaves were used to treat human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) to determine the underlying mechanisms for the immunostimulatory effects. To characterize its immunomodulatory activity, the secretion level of various cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, and TNF-$\alpha$ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment of hPBMC with ADA leaf extract in an in vitro experiment induced various Th1 cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase of IL-2, IL-12, IFN-$\gamma$, and TNF-$\alpha$ secretion was observed in the presence of ADA leaf extract. In contrast, Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-6 were suppressed. There was no significant change in IL-10 release. Our results showed an increase in Th1 and a decrease in Th2 cytokine secretion which suggests that ADA may influence the immune response towards a predominance of Th1 cytokines in the immune system.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1347-1355
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• 2004

In this study, the immunological effect of a traditional Korea herbal acupuncture, that has been widely used for the treatment of various immunological disorders including inflammation in Korea, was examined in vitro and in vivo. In our previous study demonstrated that BV increased the expression of IFN-γ mRNA, that plays pivotal role in T cell response. This study was designated to evaluate the effect of BV on helper T cell development by monitoring Th1/Th2 specific cytokine secretion patterns in artificially induced Th1/Th2 polarized condition and in vivo. The results demonstrated that BV didn't have mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cell, but increased the CD4+ T cell proliferation upon activation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibody. The Th1 cells were over-populated dramatically in Th1 driven condition with BV treatment, while the Th2 cells were increased slightly in Th2 skewed condition. Furthermore, under Th1-skewed conditions, the level of IFN-γ was considerably increased with BV treatment. Besides, the expression of T-bet, a transcription factor that plays pivotal role in Th1 lineage programming, was increased with BV treatment. The expressions of IFN-γ and T-bet were also significantly increased in vivo. The results that Th1 specific cytokine secretion were considerably increased and Th2 specific cytokine secretion were not significantly changed in vitro and in vivo indicated that BV enhances Th1 lineage development, Therefore, these results suggest that BV might be desirable agent for correction of Th1 dominant pathological disorders.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.399-405
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• 1997

Progesterone is necessary for successful pregnancy and had immunosuppressive properties. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from many women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion responded to trophoblast extract in vitro by prolifertion and releasing soluble, heat-labile factors that are toxic to mouse embryos (embryotoxic factors). Accumulating evidence suggests that T Helper (Th)-1 type immunity to trophoblast is correlated with embryotoxic factor production and is associated with pregnancy loss, while Th2-type immunity is associated with successful gestation. The objective of this study was to determine whether progesterone can inhibit Th1-type cytokine secretion (IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$) by trophoblast-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 nonpregnant women (age 25-35) with unexplained recurrent abortion (median 5, range 3 to 15)who otherwise produce embryotoxic factors in response to trophoblast. We also determined whether progesterone affected Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in this system in vitro and if IL-10 (1,500 pg/mL) could inhibit Th1-type immunity to trophoblast. IFN-${\gamma}$ was detected in 17 of 23 (74%) trophoblast stimulated PBMC culture supernatants ($77.94{\pm}23.79$ pg/mL) containing embryotoxic activity. TNF-${\alpha}$ was detected in 19 (83%) of these same supernatants ($703.15{\pm}131.36$ pg/mL). In contrast, none of the supernatants contained detectable levels of IL-4 or IL-10. Progesterone ($10^{-5}$, $10^{-7}$, $10^{-9}$M) inhibited Th1-type immunity in a dose dependent manner, but had no effect on Th2-type cytokine secretion. The inhibitory effects of progesterone were abrogated with RU486, but did not affect Th2-type cytokine secretion in trophoblast-activated cell cultures. IL-10, like progesterone also inhibited Th1-type cytokine secretion but had no effect on Th2-type cytokines. These data suggest that therapies designed to suppress Th1-type cytokine secretion in women with recurrent abortion who have evidence of Th1-type immunity to trophoblast may be efficacious in preventing pregnancy loss and should be tested in appropriately designed clinical trials.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2002

A helper T(Th)1-mediated response is known to enhance cell -mediated immunity, while a Th2-mediated response is associated with the humoral immunity that if elevated IgE levels and eosinophilia. Prostaglandin (PG)E$_2$results in the decreased capability of Iymphocytes to produce Thl cytokines, with a shift toward a Th2 cytokine response. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been reported to impair the blastogenesis and response of T Iymphocytes. CPF also induces delayed febrile effects, which results from the activation of COX -PGE$_2$pathway. The purpose of this study is to determine the effort of CPF on the in vitro production of Th cytokines and the role of PGE$_2$on the CPF-induced production of Th cytokines. Splenocytes obtained from male BALB/c mice were pretreated with CPF(0.1, 1, 10 and 100$\mu$M) in the presence of absence of indomethacin or PGE$_2$for 12 h and then were incubated with concanavalin (Con) A for 48 h. These results showed that CPF remarkedly reduced the production of splenic interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ in a dose-dependent manner. CPF significantly increased the splenic IL-4 production at low doses (0.1 and 1$\mu$M) but did not affect at high doses (10 and 100 $\mu$M). Indomethacin reduced the CPF-decreased production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in a dose -dependent manner and significantly attenuated the production of IL-4 increased by CPF 0.1 $\mu$M. High dose of CPF significantly reduced the PGE$_2$-decreased production of IL-2 and IFN-γ, while the PGE$_2$- induced production of IL-4 was significantly enhanced by CPF 1 $\mu$M. These findings suggest that CPF nay down-regulate the immune response of Th 1 type by the suppressed production of IL-2 and IFN-γ, with a shift toward a Th2 cytokine response. The CPF-decreased production of Thl cytokines may not be mediated by endogenous PGE$_2$. Also, CPF may attenuate the exogenous PGE$_2$-decreased Th 1 immune response in a dose--dependent manner but may affect dose-independently the PGE$_2$-induced Th2 immune response.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2007

The mRNA expression of several cytokines was evaluated in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Capillaria hepatica by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR until week 12 after infection. IgG1 and IgG2a, which are associated with Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were also assessed by ELISA. The results indicated that the majority of cytokines, including the Th1 (IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were expressed at maximal levels during the early stage of infection (after week 1-2), and the ELISA data also evidenced a similar pattern of changes in IgG1 arid IgG2a. Th1 and Th2 cytokines responded in a similar fashion in this rat model. The expression of cytokines in splenocytes was significantly higher than that in MLN cells, thereby indicating that cytokine production is controlled more by spleen than by MLN. In addition, the observation that $IFN-{\gamma}$ expression increased unexpectedly at the time of maximal egg production (6 weeks after infection) indicated that $IFN-{\gamma}$ is a cytokine reacting against egg production. However, increased IL-5 expression occurring in tandem with worm activity indicated that the activity of C. hepatica might be controlled by IL-5 expression.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.40-54
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• 2006

Objective: This study aimed to identify the different effects of GMCSBHT water-extract and ethanol-extract on Th1/Th2 differentiation by monitoring Th1/Th2 specific cytokine secretion patterns and the transcriptional activities of T-bet, GATA-3, c-maf, $INF{\gamma}$ and IL-4. Materials and Methods: Spleen cells from eight week-old BALB/c mice were cultured in GMCSBHT extracts containing medium without activation for 24 hours and with activation for 48 hours. CD4+ T cells were isolated and mRNA expression levels of $INF{\gamma}$, IL-4, T-bet, GATA-3, c-maf by RT-PCR and secretion cytokines levels of $IFN{\gamma}$, IL-4 by ELISA were analyzed. Results: GMCSBHT extracts didn't have mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cells. In Th1 skewed condition, GMCSBAHT water extract had no significant effects on mRNA expression levels of $IFN{\gamma}$, T-bet and c-maf, but inhibited mRNA expression levels of IL-4, GATA-3. It showed significantly increased secretion cytokine levels of $IFN{\gamma}$, but had no significant effect on secretion cytokine levels of IL-4. In Th2 skewed condition, GMCSBHT ethanol extract inhibited mRNA expression levels of $INF{\gamma}$, IL-4, GATA-3 and c-maf significantly, but had no significant effects on mRNA expression levels of T-bet. It had no significant effects on secretion cytokine levels of $INF{\gamma}$, but showed remarkable inhibitory effects on secretion cytokine levels of IL-4. Conclusion: Results suggest that on Th1/Th2 deviation, GMCSBHT water extract has both amplifying effects on Th1 differentiation and inhibitory effects on Th2, but GMCSBHT ethanol extract has stronger inhibitory effects on Th2 differentiation than on Th1.