• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2002

For the purpose of evaluating the biocompatability of 3 kinds of metallic materials frequently used in pediatric dentistry (stainless steel crown, orthodontic band, orthodontic wire), cellular and molecular studies, including cell growth and proliferation, screening of cell death with determination of types whether necrosis or apoptosis and changes in expressions of related signaling molecules were examined, using cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1), HGF-1 was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. among which the 3rd to 6th generations of HGF-1 were used. The specimen were divided into stainless steel crown (R), band (B) and wire (W). The immunocytochemical study was done for the detection of anti-PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) labeling. With extracted protein, western blot was done for the detection of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, using individual antibodies. Cultured cells proliferated, remarkably till 7 day and slightly at 11 day. There was no statistical significance in the counts of proliferating HGF-1 between control and experimental groups (p>0.05). Relative growth rates were no statistically significant difference between control and experimental groups (p>0.05). PCNA labeling indexes showing similar patterns in control and experimental groups. The expressions of ERK1 and ERK2, p38 were similar in control and experimental groups. The expression of JNK increased at 1st day, slightly decreased at 4th day and markedly increased at 7th and 11 day. Although the patterns of control and experimental groups were similar, the increased expressions of JNK at late period suggest a possible stress due to inhibited cell growth and proliferation, and worse culture condition. Conclusively, the 3 kinds of metal specimens used in this study did not induce cellular and molecular hazards during short term culture of HGF-1. But, for the better clinical stability, the establishment of long period culture and animal experiment was thought necessary.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify cell phone addiction in school-age children and factors influencing addiction. Methods: The participants were 163 parents of elementary school students in the 1st to 4th grades. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires completed by the parents, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 IBM program. Results: Of the children, 86.5% were reported as being average users, 9.2%, at risk users, and 4.3%, at high risk users. Cell phone addiction in the children was significantly different according to games played by the children and parents' monthly income. Significant factors influencing cell phone addiction in the children were children's self-control, games played by the children, parents' cell phone addiction and parental control for children's cell phone use, explaining 24% of variance in cell phone addiction. Conclusion: The findings indicate that cell phone addiction in school-age children is influenced by parent-related factors as well as personal factors. Therefore approaches to education programs on cell phone use in school-age children should include parent-related factors as well as personal factors of the children.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-allergic reaction with Glycyrrhiza uralensis. We examined cell viability, $\beta$-hexosaminidase release, IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression from RBL-2H3 cell after pre-treatment with 0, 100, 250, 500, 1000${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Glycyrrhiza uralensis water extracts. Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis on the degranulation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) expression were evaluated with $\beta$-hexosaminidase assay, and RT-PCR analysis. We observed that Glycyrrhiza uralensis concentrations from 100${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ to 1000${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ had no effect on cell survival. The release of $\beta$-hexosaminidase decreased significantly with all concentrations of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extracts. The expression of the IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA were decreased by Glycyrrhiza uralensis in dose-dependent manner. These results that Glycyrrhiza uralensis has an anti-histamin effects and controls IL-4, IL-13 secretion on allergic reaction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.189-192
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• 2001

This study was initiated in an effort to determine the normal mean and variations of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of buffaloes as influenced by the milking time, stage of lactation, parity and season. The buffaloes were hand milked at 13 and 11 h. interval during evening and morning respectively. On the day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those buffaloes, which were found negative in the CMT, were included in the sampling plan. The mean values for morning and evening were 1.09 (range 0.39-1.76) and $0.97(range\;0.57-2.46){\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively which did not differ significantly. When data of the morning and evening values was compared on the basis of total cell secretion in milk, even then there was no statistical difference between the morning and the evening values, thereby suggesting that no diurnal variation existed in SCC of milk. Paritywise differences were not significant between the 1st to 5th lactation and above. Similarly stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. Significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients (r) between SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation and parity suggested that SCC per ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation. SCC was higher in primiparous than in multiparous buffaloes. On an average the SCC recorded was $1.0{\times}10^5cells/ml$ of milk irrespective of time of milking, parity and stages of lactation. The SCC was low during cold and hot-dry season but were high during the hot-humid season (p<0.05), the respective values being 0.76, 1.08 and $1.35{\times}10^5cells/ml$. These values were lower than the SCC already reported in cows suggesting less stressful condition of the udder of buffaloes in this study.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 1996

We studied the clinical charcteristics of 265 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinomas diagnosed at Korea Cancer Center Hospital over a span of 8 years from Jan. 1987. Male were 187 and Female were 78 and male: female ratio was 2.4 : 1. The age distribution ranged from 2nd decade to 9th decade evenly and mean age was 46.1 years old. Histopathologically squamous cell carcinoma (WHO type 1, 2, 60.8%) were 161 cases and undifferentiated carcinoma (WHO type 3, 39.2%) were 104 cases. Main symptoms and signs were neck mass 199 cases (75.1%), ear symptoms 126(47.5%), nasal symptom 101 (38.1%). The distribution of anatomical subsites were posterior wall 75 (24.7%), lateral wall 175 (72.8%), Inferior wall 15 (2.5%). Tumor staging by AJCC classification, 1992, distributed with stage I 3 cases (1.1%), stage II 5 cases (1.9%), stage III 24 cases (9.1%), stage IV 233 cases (87.9%).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2009

Xanthii fructus which is well known as "Chang-ihjah" in Korea is the dried fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (or Xanthium sibiricum PATR. Ex WIDD., Asteraceae. XS). Water extract of this fruit has been used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as tympanitis, allergic rhinitis, or ozena as alternative therapy material usually by oral administration in far Eastern countries including Korea. In this study, the effect of XS extract (XS-E) or XS-30% acetone fraction layer (XS-30% AFL) on the differentiation of $CD4^+$ T cells isolated from NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 was investigated. The experimental results showed that $100\;{\mu}g$/mL of XS-E could decrease the production of IL-17 by $CD4^+$ Th17 cells by 2 fold and only $20\;{\mu}g$/mL of XS-30% AFL could inhibit 3.5 fold. The amount of IL-17A and IL-22 mRNA determined by real-time PCR was decreased remarkably when XS-E or XS-30% AFL was treated on $CD4^+$ Th17 cells(p<0.01, p<0.001). The amount of IL-17A protein determined by ELISA was also decreased remarkably(p<0.05, p<0.001). To study the effect of XS-E or XS-30% AFL on the proliferation of Th17 cells, $CD4^+$ T cells of a NC/Nga mouse was firstly differentiated by rIL-6/TGF-$\beta$ and then stimulated by rIL-23. The control group of Th17 cells were doubled every each day, while those of XS-E or XS-30% AFL treated group were shown to be delayed remarkably by these extracts. In conclusion, XS can inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells of NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 successfully, which may be a beneficial result for the treatment of atopic skin dermatitis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.405-412
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• 1991

The enzymes were immobilized by treating the microbial cells in 0.05% chitosan and 0.28% glutaraldehyde solution. The activity of immobilized cell was about 535 IGIC/g. Glucose isomerase was purified by 6.5 times after homogenization using 60% $(NH_4)_2S0_4$ fractionation, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. The molecular weight of enzyme was about 140,000 when it was measured by HPLC and the purified enzyme had only one band by electrophoresis. It showed good enzyme activity at pH 7.5 and $75^{\circ}C$. The optimum conditions for enzyme reactions were shifted to pH 7.0 and $80^{\circ}C$ when the enzyme was immobilized. The enzyme reaction was activated by the addition of 5~10 mM magnesium ion and the thermostability was improved by the addition of 0.25 mM cobalt ion. The enzyme activity was competitively inhibited by sugar alcohols.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.397-418
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• 1994

Microvascular surgery has been widely used in the clinical field of replantation and reconstructive surgery. Since the last 20 years, microsurgical techniques and instruments have been rapidly developed and the success rate is remarkably increased. But thrombotic occlusion of vessels remains the major reason for clinical failure. The change of vessel wall is the most important factor in thrombus formation. If we can reduce the traumatic changes in the vessel walls during surgery, the success rate can be markedly increased. For this study, femoral arteries and veins of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats with average weights of 300gm were used. The author observed the histological changes and healing process in the anastomostic site after 1 hour, 24 hours, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows : 1. The patency rate was 100% in femoral arteries and 85% in femoral vein. 2. At the early stages after microvascular anastomosis, the loss of endothelial cell in the vessel walls was observed in the wide area including anastomotic site. In scanning electron microscopic finding the anastomotic site was covered with much fibrin, many red blood cells and some platelets. 3. At 1st week, new endothelial cells were formed toward anastomotic site and at 3rd week, the anastomotic site was completely covered by new endothelial cells. At 4th week, the complete endothelialization over the threads was observed. 4. The media extended from the anastomotic site toward the end of the specimen. At later stages, the extent of media necrosis was markedly decreased. But the media necrosis of anastomotic site was not regenerated till 4th week. 5. Intimal hyperplasia appeared at 1st week and increased till 4th week. The layer consisted of endothelialization the most luminal layers and smooth muscle in the deeper layers. But in veins, the response was less pronounced than in arteries. 6. Foreign body granuloma remained during 4 weeks and aneurysm was observed at 3rd week in artery. In aneurismal wall, media necrosis, loss of elastic lamina and intimal hyperplasia were seen.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.20-33
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• 2001

A major portion of drugs used in Ayurvedic system of medicine which has been practiced since the early human civilization in Indian subcontinent were of plant origin. It should be noted that 70% of the population in this region depends on Ayurveda for their medical treatment and 60% of the drug resources are obtained from the Himalayan region. Therefore, Nepal becomes a potential source of plant drug resource since it occupies a major portion of the Himalaya. In the present paper, in general a current status of medicinal plant resources of Himalayan region especially Nepal will be discussed. In addition to this, a typical example of antidiabetic activity of Shilajit will be taken for the discussion. Shilajit is one of the crucial elements in several formulations including those of Rasayana, a therapy in Ayurveda, which has been practiced in the prevention of ageing and mental disorder. Although, Shilaiit is widely used for the treatment of diabetes, no satisfactory scientific reports are available up to now. The crude Shilajit in the market is a dark brown or black rock-like substance collected from the Himalayan region with a strong smell of cow's stale urine. In our studies, Shilajit (collected in the central Himalayan region) prevented the diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice model. Shilajit also prevented the diabetes in the rats against the action of multiple low-dose (10 ㎎/㎏, i.v., 5 times) of streptozotocin. On the other hand, Shilajit did not show antioxidative activity. The preventive action of Shilajit on diabetes is mainly focused on the Th1 and Th2 cell activities, since Th2 cells activity was found to be significantly upregulated. Shilajit, however, showed a mild action in controlling the blood sugar level in young, old, and mild diabetic rats, but not in the severe diabetic rats. It also stimulated the nitric oxide production in macrophages. Based on these evidences, the antidiabetic activities of Shilajit appear to be immunomodulative probably by protecting or strengthening insulin-producing b-cells In the pancreas. further systematic research on constituents of Shilajit and its quality evaluation is necessary to enable the use of natural medicines in the treatment of diabetes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1042-1048
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• 2006

Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface and hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope antigens, respectively, were constructed, and attempt were made to find the possibility of a divalent vaccine against HBV and HCV. The expression of each plasmid in Cos-1 cells was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. To measure the induced immune response by these plasmids in vivo, female BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with $100\;{\mu}g$ of either both or just one of the plasmids. Anti-HBV and HCV-specific antibodies and related cytokines were evaluated to investigate the generation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, specific anti-HBV and anti-HCV serum antibodies from mice immunized with these plasmids were observed using immunoblot. The levels of IL-2 and RANTES showing a $Th_{1}$ immune response were significantly increased, but there was no change in the level of IL-4 ($Th_{1}$ immune response) in any of the immunized groups. Compared with each plasmid DNA vaccine, the combined vaccine elicited similar immune responses in both humoral and cell-mediated immunities. These results suggest that the combined DNA vaccine can induce not only comparable immunity experimentally without antigenic interference, but also humoral and $Th_{1}$ dominant cellular immune responses. Therefore, they could serve as candidates for a simultaneous bivalent vaccine against HBV and HCV infections.