• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.151-162
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• 2009

착상, 태반생성 및 임신 유지 등 생식과정에서 semi-allograft인 배아 및 태아가 생존하기 위해서는 모체 면역계의 면역관용이 요구된다. 면역관용은 분자 생물학적으로 염증반응과 항염증반응의 적절한 균형을 유지하는 인식되고 있으며, 생식과정에서 모체 면역계의 T 림프구, 자연살해세포, 수지상 세포, 대식세포 등 여러 면역세포의 유기적인 협조하에 이루어진다. 면역세포들은 특정 항원 및 사이토카인의 자극에 따라 정반대의 성질을 가진 사이토카인을 생산, 분비할 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있어 각각을 염증성 또는 항염증성 면역세포로 명확히 구분할 수 없으며 면역세포의 이러한 특성에 의해 생산 및 분비되는 사이토카인의 종류에 따라 Th0 형 (Th 0 cell, Tc 0 cell, NK 0 cell), Th1형 (Th 1 cell, Tc 1 cell, NK 1 cell), Th2 형 (Th 2 cell, Tc 2 cell, NK 2 cell), Th3 형 세포 (Th 3 cell, Tc 3 cell, NK 3 cell)로 분류하기도 한다. 즉, 착상 시기에 혈관신생 및 영양막의 자궁 내 침투를 위한 적절한 염증성 사이토카인(inflammatory cytokine)의 분비 및 임신의 지속을 위한 항염증성 (anti-inflammatory) 사이토카인의 분비 등 생식과정에서 수반되는 염증성과 항염증성 면역반응의 적절한 균형을 유지하는 기전은 특정 면역세포만의 작용으로 결론 지을 수 없으며 면역 세포간 network의 산물이라 할 수 있다 (Figure 5). 면역세포 중 최근 그 존재가 알려진 면역조절 T림프구 (T reg cell)는 여러 연구자들에 의해 면역관용에 관여함이 일관되게 보고되고 있어 자궁 내모체-태아간 접촉면에서 면역세포들 간의 network에 중추적인 역할을 할 것으로 인식되고 있으나 작용기전으로 제시되고 있는 가설들을 뒷받침 할 만한 객관적인 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 고찰에서는 착상과 임신 유지 등 생식과정에 수반되는 면역세포 및 그 세포들의 작용기전중 T 림프구의 역할에 중점을 두고 그 분류 및 기능에 대해 정리해 보았다. 결론적으로 착상과 임신의 유지 등 생식과정에서 T 림프구는 면역관용과 거부에 적극적으로 작용하며 착상부전, 습관성유산 등 면역학적 병인이 유사한 생식장애 (poor reproductive performance)들의 발병에 중요한 역할을 하는 것은 의심할 여지가 없다. 하지만 향후 T 림프구 및 그와 연관된 면역세포들의 작용에 대한 확실한 분자학적 규명이 요구된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2005

In the last few years, a spectrum of dendritic cells(DCs), including toll like receptors(TLRs), might play a critical role in regulating allergy and asthma. DC plays a central role in initiating immune responses, linking innate and adaptive responses to pathogen. Human peripheral blood has three non-overlapping dendritic subset that expressed various 11 TLRs. These dendritic subsets and TLR contribute significant polarizing influences on T helper differentiation, but how this comes about is less clear. A better understanding of DC immunobiology may lead to the comprehension of allergy pathophysiology to prevent early stage allergic march.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2001

The $M_r$ 63,000 glycoprotein (GP63) and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) of Leishmania donovani were evaluated as vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis. Mice were immunized with liposomeencapsulated GP63 and/or LPG that were purified from the soluble extract of L. donovani promastigotes, and were challenged with virulent amastigotes. Mice immunized with GP63/LPG in liposomes plus BCG resulted in a 27.4% reduction of amastigotes in the liver compared to the control group (liposomes plus BCG), and mice immunized with liposome-GP63 plus BCG failed to induce a protective immune response against the challenge infection. Immunization of mice with GP63 fused to the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GP63-GST) plus BCG also failed to elicit protective immunity. To analyze the cause of failure to induce protection, cytokine release from the spleen cells of immunized mice and Leishmania-specific serum antibodies were analyzed. Spleen cells from mice immunized with GP63-GST plus BCG that were exposed to soluble extract of L. donovani in vitro produced 10-fold greater quantities of IFN-gamma and 3-fold greater quantities of IL-5 than cells from mice receiving BCG only or saline. Western blot analysis revealed that sera from these mice had Leishmania-specific antibodies recognizing 1 to 3 antigens of L. donovani with M. W. of 60-65 kDa. Although immunization of mice with GP63-GST induced a strong Th1 response, this study indicated that GP63-GST simultaneously elicited the Th2 response of the CD4+ T-cell, which was known to abrogate the protective immune response conferred by the Th1 effector function.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.444-450
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• 2018

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in modulating both innate and adaptive immunity. This study examined the immunomodulatory activities of hot-water extracts of bee pollen (BPW) in bone-marrow derived DCs (BMDC) and mice splenocytes. BMDCs isolated from mice were treated with 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ BPW for 24 h. BPW, up to $500{\mu}g/mL$, did not display any cellular toxicity against BMDCs. In fact, it functionally induced BMDC activation via augmentation of CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/II expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor; $TNF-{\alpha}$, interleukin; IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) production. Interestingly, BPW treatment significantly increased the production of interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ in splenocytes, suggesting its possible contribution to Th1 polarization in immune response. Taken together, these findings suggest that BPW may regulate innate and adaptive immunity via DC activation and Th1 polarization in immune responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.494-500
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• 2012

In order to determine the functional benefits of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ in the immune system, we examined the immunomodulatory activities of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ in an immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice model. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide, and then administered orally with 3% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of 50% ethanol extract of $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ (CM 30, CM 100, and CM 300, respectively) for 12 days. Mice treated with CM displayed significantly increased splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity compared to immunosuppressed control mice (p<0.05). The spleen cells isolated from mice treated with CM also displayed increased production of Th1 cytokines, including IL-2, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, suggesting enhanced cellular immunity in response to CM. However, CM had no significant effect on the production of IL-4 and IL-10. These results indicate that $Cordyceps$ $militaris$ enhances immune function by promoting immune cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.559-566
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• 2017

This aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides from Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo (PCP) in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and splenocytes. The immunomodulatory activity was determined by cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell surface marker expression (CD 80/86 and MHC class I/II), and cytokine production in BMDC, and cell viability, and cytokine production in splenocytes. Cell proliferation and cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor; TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-12) tested in BMDC were significantly increased by PCP treatment. Additionally, the cell surface markers (CD 80/86, MHC class I/II) were highly increased by PCP treatment. For cytokine production in splenocytes, PCP treatment significantly increased the production of Th 1 cytokines [IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$], but not Th 2 cytokines (IL-4). Therefore, PCP can induce immune cell activation and is a potential candidate for the development of nutraceuticals to boost the immune system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1027-1034
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• 2017

The immune system is a complex process within the body that protects against disease. Recently, many studies have attempted to discover immunomodulative compounds from natural sources. Pinus koraiensis (PK) cone shell is a by-product of PK. One of the major compounds of PK cone shell is dehydroabietic acid, which has bioactivity, including antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the immunomodulative effects of PK cone shell. The immunomodulatory effects of PK cone shell extracted with 20% ethanol (EtOH) in vivo were examined initially by measuring the natural killer (NK) cell activity, phagocytic activity, Th1/Th2 cytokines release, serum immunoglobulin, and T/B cell proliferation. The NK cell activity and phagocytic activity were increased significantly by a treatment with a 20% EtOH extract of PK cone shell. Th1 type cytokine and T cell proliferation increased and Th2 type cytokine, B cell proliferation and serum immunoglobulin A, G, and E decreased after a treatment with PK cone shell extract. The 20% EtOH extract of the PK cone shell normalized the unbalanced production of Th1/Th2 type cytokine. This suggests that a 20% EtOH extract of PK cone shell has great potential as a health food.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.85-85
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• 1997

스트레스가 유발된 랫드의 대뇌에서 Vasopressin-catecholamine pathway의 활성도를 알아보기 위해 면역화학염색법으로 vasopressin 호르몬의 분비와 catecholamine의 생성변화를 tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 효소의 발현변화로 규명하고, arginine vasopressin (AVP)과 V1 vasopressin receptor의 유전자 발현변화를 in situ hybridization 방법을 이용하여 살펴보았다. 수컷 SD rat를 7시간동안 stress cage에 넣어 16$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$의 물에 수침구속 스트레스를 준 후 대조군과 함께 관류고정하여 brain을 적출하였다. Brain의 hypothalamus 부위를 중심으로하여 동결절편하여 면역조직화학 염색과 in situ hybridization을 시행하였다. TH 면역조직화학 염색에서 대뇌의 줄무늬체 부위의 꼬리조가비핵에서와 시상하부 부위의 내측등쪽시상하부와 흑색질부위에서 스트레스군이 대조군에 비해 TH 면역염색성이 증가되어 관찰되었으나 시상하부 부위의 시삭위핵, 뇌실주위핵, 뇌실옆핵에서는 두 군간의 큰 면역염색성의 차이는 보이지 않았다. AVP 면역조직화학 염색에서는 시삭위핵에 많은 수의 AVP 양성 신경세포체들이 밀집되어 있으며 뇌실옆핵에서는 스트레스군에서 AVP 면역염색성이 약간 증가되어 관찰되었으나 신경섬유의 분포양상은 비슷하였다. 중간융기에서는 모두 강한 염색성의 신경섬유들이 관찰되어 두 군간에 큰 차이는 없었다. AVP 유전자에 대한 in situ hybridization 결과 시삭위핵의 신경세포에서 AVP mRNA 양성반응을 관찰할 수 있었으나 다른 시상하부핵에서는 관찰할 수 없었으며, V1 vasopressin receptor에 대한 in situ hybridization 결과는 두 군의 대뇌에서 모두 양성반응을 관찰할 수 없었으며 V1 vasopressin receptor 유전자의 조직별 발현정도와 스트레스에 의한 발현량 조절을 관찰할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2010

Objective: To evaluate whether T helper 1 (Th1) immune response is predominant in women with reproductive failures (recurrent spontaneous abortion and recurrent implantation failure) and the activation of T cell is related to Th1 propensity. Methods: Women with a history of recurrent implantation failure or recurrent spontaneous abortion comprise the study group (n=37). Controls are normal fertile women without a history of infertility or pregnancy losses (n=11). Th1/Th2 ratios of interferon (INF)-$\gamma$/interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$/IL-10 expression on $CD3^+/4^+$ cells, CD154, and CD69 expression on T cells are measured by flow cytometric analysis. Results: The ratios of TNF-$\alpha$ to IL-10 expressing on $CD3^+/4^+$ cells (Th1/Th2 cell ratios) are significantly higher in study group ($42.1{\pm}2.3$) as compared with that of controls ($28.7{\pm}2.7$) (p=0.002). The overall trend of CD154 and CD69 expression on T cells are elevated in study group than those of controls. The proportion (%) of $CD3^+/4^+/154^+$ cells ($1.7{\pm}0.5$ vs. $0.3{\pm}0.2$, p=0.038) and the % of $CD3^+/8^+/154^+$ cells ($0.6{\pm}0.2$ vs. $0.1{\pm}0.0$, p=0.024) are significantly higher in study group. The % of $CD3^+/69^+$ cells ($5.6{\pm}1.9$ vs. $1.3{\pm}5.4$, p=0.046) and % of $CD3^+/8^+/69^+$ cells ($4.8{\pm}1.3$ vs. $1.8{\pm}0.2$, p=0.035) among $CD3^+/8^+$ cells are significantly increased in study group. Conclusion: Women with reproductive failures have Th1 propensity with increased T cell activation. These finding means that activated T cell has a harmful effect on early pregnancy and implantation by induction of Th1 immunity.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.339-351
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of nerves in the rat circumvallate papilla by each developing stage. The distribution of nerves in the rat circumvallate papilla were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for detection of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP). The results were as follows : CGRP-immunoreactive(IR) nerve fibers entered the base of the papilla laterally to form a subepithelial plexus. On the 1st postnatal day, the bead-like appearance, typical appearance of CGRP-IR nerve fiber, was seen, but from the 5th postnatal day the bead-like appearance was seen less clearly and nerve fibers looking like a line were often observed. Mature taste buds having taste pores were first seen at the 10th postnatal day and then, increased markedly after this stage. CGRP-IR nerve fibers entering the epithelium were rarely seen on the 5th postnatal day but they increased in number on the 10th postnatal day when mature taste buds having taste pores were firstly observed and then on the 15th postnatal day, they were observed abundantly throughout entire epithelium. But from the 20th postnatal day, the nerve fibers in the lower two-third of the trench wall in which taste buds exist decreased but on the top surface and upper one-third of the trench wall the nerve fibers were observed limitedly.