• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.387-393
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• 2001

To use as a fundamental data for the sustainable agriculture, which is nowadays a major trend to keep the productivity and conserve the environment, 487 paddy soil samples were collected from 21 regions of the Gyeongnam Province and analyzed the chemical characteristics and microbial population of the soil. The microbial population densities were bacteria $298{\times}10^5$($4{\sim}3000{\times}10^5$ range), fungi $63{\times}10^3$($2{\sim}441{\times}10^3$ range), actinomycetes $19{\times}10^5$($0.2{\sim}1250{\times}10^5$ range), Bacillus sp. $53{\times}10^4$($4{\sim}890{\times}10^4$ range) and Pseudomonas sp. $198{\times}10^4CFU\;g^{-1}$($4{\sim}1724{\times}10^4CFU\;g^{-1}$ range), respectively. The microbial populations of the soil were in general higher in southern area than in the northern area of the Gyeongnam Province. The average ratio of bacteria/fungi population was 473. As soil clay content increased, the populations of aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and Pseudomonas sp. were remarkably decreased. The ratio of aerobic bacteria and fungi was 1554 in sandy loam and clay loam 1144, while Bacillus sp./fungi ratio was 11 in clay loam and 10 in loam. On the topographical differences, aerobic bacteria and Bacillus sp./fungi ratio were the higher in coastal plains than any other areas. The microbial population densities from different soil types were generally lower in ill-drained paddy field than those of other paddy field. The content of $P_2O_5$, K, Ca, $NO_3-N$ and EC in soil were positively correlated to the population densities of aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.. The soil organic matter and Mg content were also positively correlated to the population densities of aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and Bacillus sp.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.330-336
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• 1984

These studies were aimed to find out the representative values of physico-chemical properties in Korean soils and to serve the basic informations to improve the soil properties for increasing the soil productivity. By the results of detailed soil survey, 14 physico-chemical properties (soil texture, moisture characteristics, organic matter content etc) were collected from 315 series of soils except Cheju soils, computerized the simple mean and the distributed area by weighted mean values with grouping of land use, drainage class and soil type. The results were as follows; 1. Simple mean values within the efficient soil depth in whole country soils were clay 20.0%, organic matter 2.03% and CEC 10.3me/100g. But weighted mean values with land area belonged to the same soil series were clay 18.0%, OM 1.85% and CEC 8.6me/100g. 2. Mean values of paddy soils weighted by area were clay 19.7%, OM 2.0% and CEC 9.1me/100g but those of upland soils were 17.9%, 1.8% and 8.1me/100g and forest soils were 16.7%, 1.8% and 8.6me/100g respectively. 3. Weighted mean values of moderately well soils with covered area were clay 18.9%, organic matter 1.7%, CEC 8.4me/100g but those of imperfectly drained soils were 21.3%, 2.2% and 9.5me/100g, and those of poorly drained soils were 15.1%, 1.8% and 9.9me/100g respectivcly. 4. Simple mean and area weighted mean values of clay content, pH, organic matter contents, cation exchange capacity and base saturation were calculated by the types of paddy and upland.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2011

This study has analyzed the vegetation composition in the areas using different slope revetment techniques of riverbanks, in a way to improve the vegetation induction in the future considering the ecological aspects of the induction in Garaeyoul Village, Gangdong-gu, Seoul. The result of the vegetation distribution in each different slope revetment technique was analyzed, that the naturalized herb was dominant in the pole block accounting for 70.7%, while native herb was dominant in the lawn block occupying 48.5% and in the crib block occupying 55.7%. The vegetation coverage measured by different slope revetment techniques was highest in the crib block(average 97.5%), followed by the lawn block(average 95.3%) and pole block(average 27.9%). The vegetation base area was the most wide in the crib block and the most narrowest in the pole block. The result of community analysis in areas using different slope revetment techniques, dry herbs and vine herbs were dominated and the coverage was very poor in the pole block. In the lawn block, the barb was fragmented into narrow areas due to the blocks, which prevented the creation of large-scale plant communities. In the crib block, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Fescue arundinacea and Aster pilosus, which also consisted of large-scale communities. Average dry weight was also measured by each slope revetment technique. The weight was heaviest in the crib block with $187.63g/m^2$, followed by the lawn block($137.65g/m^2$) and pole block($6.75g/m^2$). The soil moisture contents in the crib block and lawn block was 16.3% and 15.2%, respectively, while that of the pole block was 4.7%, which revealed the highly dry condition of the pole block soil. The analysis result of soil chemical property showed that there was little difference in soil texture, soile acidity(pH), and exchangeable ion content, however, the soil organic matter(OM) content and available $P_2O_5$ were highest in the pole block. In the future, in order to induce more vegetation into river banks and walls, a proper construction method should be applied so that the vegetation area can be expanded as much as possible, considering the safety of the banks.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.395-415
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• 2001

In the Singok area, western part of Chungcheongnam-Do, two ultramafic ma~ses, Singok mass and Kaewol mass, occur as isolated lenticular bodies in the Precambrian Kyeonggi gneiss complex. The masses extend for several hundred meter to NNE direction, parallel to the main fault line of this area. The rocks are dunite and harzburgite, but partially and absolutely serpentinized. They dominantly show porphyroclastic and recrystallized textures with equigranular-mosaic and protogranular textures. In spite of differences among the alteration and metamorphism, the ultramafic masses are characterized by varying amounts of high fosteritic olivine ($Fo_{0.88-0.93}$), magnesian pyroxene ($En_{0.93-0.97}$), and tremolitic to tschermakitic hornblende with minor spinel, serpentine, chlorite, calcite, magnetite, phlogopite and talc. It is compared with adjacent gneiss complex containing amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, alkali-feldspar and quartz. Geochemically, these rocks show high magnesium number (Mg>90.38), and transitional element (Ni=595-2480, Cr==IOlO-4400, Co=36-120 ppm), low alkali element ($Na_{2}O$<0.3, $K_{2}O$<0.11, $Al_{2}O_3$<2.95 wt%) and depleted incompatible element contents, which is compared with adjacent rocks (Mg < 83.69, $Na_{2}O$=1.02-3.42 wt%, $K_{2}O$=O.67-5.65 wt%, $Al_{2}O_3$=9.15-16.86 wt%, Ni < 435 ppm, Cr < 1440 ppm, Co<59 ppm, enriched incompatible element contents). Overall characteristics of ultramafic rocks from the Singok and Kaewol masses are similar to the those of adjacent ultramafic bodies in Chungnam with worldwide orogenic related Alpine type ultramalic rocks. Calculated geothermometries suggest that the ultramafic rocks have experienced metamorphism in the condition ranging from the greenschist facies to granulite facies.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2009

Appenzeller cheese samples were prepared by addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% green tea (Camellia sinensis, CS) powder and control cheese. We examined various quality characteristics of the novel cheese, such as viable-cell counts, pH, water-soluble nitrogen (WSN), non-casein nitrogen (NCN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), and catechin level during maturation for 16 weeks at $14^{\circ}C$. To develop a Korean natural cheese containing green tea powder, we also analyzed the changes in the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern, chemical composition, and sensory qualities. The viable cell counts of the samples were not significantly different. Until the $3^{rd}$ week, the pH of the CS cheese decreased with an increase in the maturation time. However, the pH gradually increased by the $12^{th}$ week, while WSN, NCN, NPN also increased. The WSN, NCN, NPN, and catechin values for the CS cheese samples were significantly higher than the values for the control cheese. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of caseins for the CS cheese indicated that this cheese degraded more rapidly than the control cheese did. In the sensory evaluation, cheese with 1.0% CS powder showed the highest scores in taste and appearance and good scores in flavor and texture. These results indicate that 1.0% CS is the optimal value for addition to cheese, and cheese containing 1.0% CS shows good physiological properties and reasonably high overall sensory acceptability.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.2 s.42
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• pp.169-184
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• 2005

Unagsan and Sogrisan granites are widely distributed in the northern Gyeonggi massif and middle Ogcheon belt, respectively, and they show different petrologic characteristics as follows. The former has compact textures and light grey colors, and the latter has spotted miarolitic textures and pink colors. Most of the samples selected for tests are fresh and coarse-grained. And bored core samples were prepared so that they are vertical to the rift plane. The results of modal analysis show that Unagsan granite has significantly higher quartz and plagioclase contents (Qz+Pl) than Sogrisan granite. In contrast, alkali feldspar content (Af) of Sogrisan granite is much higher than that of Unagsan granite. Therefore, it is believed that the light grey colors of Unagsan granite are due to relatively high Qz+Pl, and the pink colors of Sogrisan granite are caused by higher Af. Fractures in Sogrisan granite have strongly perpendicular strike patterns and more dip values close to vertical compared with the fractures in Unagsan granite. Results of the fracture pattern analysis suggest that the Sogrisan granite has better potential to produce dimension stones than the Unagsan granite. However, miarolitic textures often found in the Sogrisan granite may be one of the factors reducing the granite quality. The Unagsan and Sogrisan granites have similar specific gravity values of 2.60 and 2.57, respectively. Absorption ratios and porosity values of Sogrisan granite are higher than those of Unagsan granite, and they shows linearly positive correlations. Compressive and tensile strengths of the Unagsan granite are generally higher than those of Sogrisan granite. These differences and variation trends found in physical properties of Unagsan and Sogrisan granite can be explained by the differences in the textures of Unagsan and Sogrisan granites, namely compact and miarolitic textures respectively. For Unagsan granite, compressive and tensile strengths are negatively correlated with porosity but for Sogrisan granite no specific correlations are found. This is probably due to the irregular dispersion patterns of miarolitic textures formed during the later stages of magmatic processes. Contrary to the trends found in absorption ratios, both granites have similar values of abrasive hardness, which can be explained by higher Qz+Af of the Sogrisan granite than those of the Unagsan granite and that quartz and alkali feldspar have relatively larger hardness values. For Sogrisan granite, compressive strength shows slightly positive correlations with Qz+Af+Pl and negative correlations with biotite and accessory mineral contents (Bt+Ac).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 1970

Studies were carried out to develope the most economical and practical methods of packaging and preservation of kimchi, so commercialization of kimchi manufacture could proceed rapidly. The results obtained may be summarized as following. (1) It is generally established that the acceptable range of lactic acid content of kimchi is between 0.4% and 0.75%. Based on sensory evaluation, kimchi having lactic acid content below 0.4% and above 0.75% was not edible, and the time of optimum taste corresponded to the vicinity of 0.5% of lactic acid content. For the refrigeration storage with or without preservatives, the packaging kimchi in plastic film must be done at the lactic acid content of 0.45%, for lactic acid fermentation will continue slowly after the packaging. However, for the heat sterilized kimchi the packaging should be done at the 0.5% of lactic acid content for the best because lactic acid fermentation is completely stopped after the packaging. (2) Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycello were chosen as suitable packaging materials. Polyethylene is cheapest among them but kimchi packaged in this film was damaged frequently in handling process and gave off kimchi flavor. On the other hand polypropylene also gave off kimchi flavor, but its higher mechanical strength gave better protection to kimchi and it had superior display effect due to the transparancy. Therefore polypropylene made much better packaging material. Polycello proved to be the best packaging material from the standpoint of physical characteristics but its price is higher than that of other plastic films. To be effective, the thickness of plastic films for packaging kimchi must exceed 0.08mm. (3) Keeping property of kimchi appeared to be excellent by means of freezing. However, by the time the frozen kimchi was thawed out at room temperature, moisture loss due to drip was extensive, rendering the kimchi too stringy. (4) Preservation of kimchi at refrigerated temperatures proved to be the best method and under the refrigerated condition the kimchi remained fresh as long as 3 months. The best results were obtained when kimchi was held at $0^{\circ}C$. (5) In general, preservatives alone were not too elective in preserving kimchi. Among them potassium sorbate appeared to be most effective with the four fold extension of self-life at $20^{\circ}C$ and two fold extension at $30^{\circ}C$. (6) In heat sterilization the thickness of packaged kimchi product had a geat effect upon the rate of heat penetration. When the thickness ranged from 1.5 to 1.8cm, the kimchi in such package could be sterilized at $65^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. Kimchi so heat treated could be kept at room temperature as long as one month without apparent changes in quality. (7) Among combination methods, preservation at refrigerated and heat sterilization could be favorably combined. When kimchi was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ after being sterilized at $65^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes, it was possible to preserve the kimchi for more than 4 months.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.1175-1184
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• 2014

Fermented anchovy of the favorite sea food in Korea made from anchovy (Engraulis japonica) and salt. The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of different retorting conditions on the quality of canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet. The salt fermented anchovy fillet was prepared by fermenting anchovy(Engraulis japonica) with salt(15%) at $5^{\circ}C$ for 15 days and then cold air drying the fermented fillet for 1 hour. The dried fermented anchovy fillet(85g) was filled with olive oil(60g) into can(301-1) and seamed using a vacuum seamer, and then sterilized at Fo 9 and 11 mins in a steam system retort at 12 $1^{\circ}C$, respectively. After sterilization with different heating conditions, the pH, VBN, amino-N, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet were measured. In both sterilized cans, the viable bacterial counts were not detected. There was no remarkable difference in physicochemical and sensory quality between sterilization conditions. The results showed that sterilization of Fo 9 min was more desirable than that of Fo 11 min to prepare canned salt-fermented anchovy fillet.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.182-186
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• 1998

The result of study on the morphological feature of fruitbody, soil characteristics and enviromental condition of habitat of Tricholoma giganteum in Korea was as follows: The Pileus was $5.5{\sim}28.0\;cm$ in diameter and $1.5{\sim}3.7\;cm$ in thickness, indicating of yellowish white, beige, or ivory color. The lamellae were $18{\sim}20\;mm$ in diameter; the stipe was $9.0{\sim}35.7\;cm$ long and $1.0{\sim}3.0\;cm$ wide. The spores were $3.5{\sim}4.8{\times}5.7{\sim}7.4\;{\mu}m$ in size, ellipsoid, hyaline and the spore deposit white. The basidia were $6.1{\sim}7.0{\times}32.2{\sim}39.2\;{\mu}m$ in size. Cheiloystidia were $3.5{\sim}4.4{\times}30.5{\sim}33.1\;{\mu}m$ in size. Pileipellis were $3.3{\sim}4.4{\times}33.0{\sim}55.0\;{\mu}m$ wide and had clamp connection. Stipitipellis were $2.2{\sim}3.3{\times}88.0{\sim}93.1\;{\mu}m$ in size. Texture of soil in habitate of T. giganteum was silty loam, and organic materials content and available phosphate content in this soil were high as comparision to general soil in Korea. In the time of the mushrooms sprout, the room temperature indicated $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, their humidity showed $80{\sim}83%$, and the brightnesses were 328 Lux.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.144-161
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• 2007

The studied Nangsan area is widely covered by the Jurassic biotite granodiorite, which is mainly light grey in color and medium-grained in texture. Results of the regional fracture pattern analysis for the granodiorite body are as follows. Strike directions of fractures show three dominant sets in terms of frequency order. The sets are in an order of a (1) $N80^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}E$ (1st-order)>(2) $N70^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}E$ (2nd-order)>(3) $NS{\sim}N10^{\circ}E$ (3rd-order). Spacings of the fractures are mostly predominant in less than 200 cm. Therefore, the granodiorite of the area has more potential for non-dimensional stones than dimension ones. And orientations of vertical quarrying planes can be also divided into two groups in terms of frequency $N14^{\circ}W{\sim}N16^{\circ}E$ (1st-order) and (2) $N78^{\circ}E{\sim}N88^{\circ}E$ (2nd-order). The orientations of the two groups are more or less different from those of the regional fracture patterns. These can be mainly attributed to the preferred orientations of microcrack developed in the quarries. Of physical properties, specific gravity, absorption ratio, porosity, compressive strength, tensile strength and abrasive hardness are 2.65, 0.28%, 0.73%, $1,628kg/cm^2,\;100kg/cm^2$ and 31, respectively. Contrary to the porosity, both granites of the Nangsan and Sogrisan areas show almost similar values of the abrasive hardness. These can be explained by the differences of Qz+Af modes, which can be regarded as an index for abrasive resistance. Meanwhile, it is anticipated that comprehensive understanding of the orientations of vertical quarrying planes and characteristics of various physical properties will be utilized as an important information for stone resources.