• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2003

The study area, Kwangneung Experiment Forest (KEF) is located on the west-central portion of Korean peninsula and belongs to a cool-temperate broadleaved forest Bone. At the old-growth deciduous forest near Soribong-peak (533.1 m) in KEF, we have established a 1 ha permanent plot ($100m{\times}100m$) and a flux tower, and the site was registered as a KLTER(Korean long-term ecological research network) and DK site of KoFlux. In this site, we made a stemmap of trees and analyzed forest stand structure and physical and chemical soil characteristics, and estimated carbon budgets by forest components (tree biomass, soils, litter and so on). Dominant tree species were Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora, and accompanied by Q. aliena, Carpinus cordata, and so on. As a result of a field survey of the plot, density of the trees larger than 2 cm in DBH was 1,473 trees per ha, total biomass 261.2 tons/ha, and basal area $28.0m^2$/ha. Parent rock type is granite gneiss. Soil type is brown forest soil (alfisols in USDA system), and the depth is from 38 to 66 cm. Soil texture is loam or sandy loam, and its pH was f개m 4.2 to 5.0 in the surface layer, and from 4.8 to 5.2 in the subsurface layer. Seasonal changes in LAI were measured by hemispherical photography at the 1.2 m height, and the maximum was 3.65. And the spatial distributions of volumetric soil moisture contents and LAIs of the plot were measured. The carbon pool in living tree biomass including below ground biomass was 136 tons C/ha, and 5.6 tons C/ha is stored in the litter layer, and about 92.0 tons C/ha in the soil to the 30 cm in depth. Totally more than about 233.6 tons C/ha was stored in DK site. These ground survey and monitoring data will give some important parameters and validation data for the forest dynamics models or biogeochemical dynamics models to predict or interpolate spatially the changes in forest ecosystem structure and function.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2005

농업활동 및 지하수의 입지적 조건이 시설재배지 지하수의 $NO_3-N$함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 영남지역 10개 시군의 주요 시설재배단지에서 지하수 1370 지점의 $NO_3-N$ 함량을 조사하고, 재배조건으로서 시설재배지의 경작년수, 퇴비시용량, 제염방법 및 입지적 조건으로서 지하수깊이, 점토함량, 배수등급 등을 조사하였다. 조사된 지점 중 천층지하수의 19.7%, 암반지하수의 1.3%가 우리나라 음용수 수질기준인 $10mg/{\ell}$를 초과하였고, 농업용수 수질기준인 $20mg/{\ell}$를 초과하는 지점은 천층수 6.3%, 암반수 0.4%로 나타났다. 지하수 $NO_3-N$함량과 가장 상관이 높은 것은 점토함량 및 지하수깊이로 1% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다(점토함량 $r=-0.241^{**}$, 지하수깊이 $r=-0.228^{**}$). 재배조건에 따라서는 경작년수와 5% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었으나(경작년수 $r=0.104^*$), 퇴비시용량 등과는 상관관계가 인정되지 않아 재배조건과 같은 농업활동보다는 토성과 깊이 등의 입지적 조건이 지하수 $NO_3-N$함량에 더 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 천층수의 $NO_3-N$과 암반수의 $NO_3-N$ 함량 사이의 상관을 조사한 결과 양자 사이에는 고도의 정(正)의 상관$(r=0.532^{**})$이 인정되어 천층수의 수질이 암반수 $NO_3-N$함량에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.64-78
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• 2015

개병풍(Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl.)의 보전 및 복원을 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 자생지 환경특성을 조사하였다. 자생지 고도는 해발 432-1,413 m까지 다양하게 위치하였으며, 경사도는 $16-49.5^{\circ}$로 비교적 급한 경사지에 자라는 것으로 확인되었고, 주로 북사면을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 개병풍 자생지의 식생분석 결과 12개 방형구에서 조사된 관속식물은 246분류군이었으며, 개병풍이 주로 분포한 초본층의 중요치는 개병풍이 20.40%로 가장 높았고, 다음으로는 관중(4.56%), 도깨비부채(3.72%), 노루오줌(2.81%), 대사초(2.67%), 단풍취(2.65%), 벌깨덩굴(2.46%)의 순으로 나타나 이러한 종류들이 개병풍과 유사한 환경을 선호하는 것으로 판단된다. 종다양도는 평균 1.23, 우점도와 균등도는 각각 0.11과 0.86으로 산출되었다. 토양분석 결과 낙엽층의 두께는 2-10 cm이었으며, 토심은 20.8-67.5 cm로 나타났다. 토성은 사질토, 미사질토, 양토 등이었으며, pH는 5.63-7.74, 유기물함량은 8.88-42.55%, 그리고 질소함량은 1.40-6.58 mg/g으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.722-726
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• 2011

The management standard on soil conditions in 'Fuji' apple to produce high quality fruit were not yet made. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the optimum soil environmental conditions of ten contents on production of high quality fruit in 'Fuji' apple. The soil and fruit characteristics were analyzed at total 60 orchards in major apple producing areas such as Chungju, Moonkyeung, yeongju, andong, yeosan and yeongcheon (10 orchards an area). The soil environmental factors affected fruit weight was highest relative contribution in saturated hydraulic conductivity of 36.5%. The bulk density and soil pH were low as relative contribution. The fruit weight was influenced by soil physical properties more than soil chemical properties. The soil environmental factors affected sugar content were hydraulic conductivity of 28.3% and organic matter content of 18.2%. The cultivation layer depth and soil pH were low as relative contribution. The fruit coloring was highest relative contribution in saturated hydraulic conductivity 55.9%. while soil pH, cation and soil texture were low. Fruit coloring was high influenced over 70% by soil physical properties. Finally, relative contribution on fruit quality related with sugar content, fruit weight, and coloring were high influenced by saturated hydraulic conductivity of 21.% and organic matter content of 18.7% but bulk density and cultivation layer depth were low relative contribution. The fruit growth and saturated hydraulic conductivity in 'Fuji' apple were very closely related. Therefore, orchard soil management to produce high quality fruit was very importance drainage management and organic matter application. We concluded that scientific soil management is possible by qualifiable of soil management factors.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to understand the anatomical basis of the facial muscles and to apply this knowledge on the clinical practice of facial acupuncture. Methods : We searched both contemporary and the latest literatures on the practical application of facial muscle anatomy on Facial Acupuncture. Conclusions : Facial Acupuncture improves skin tone, texture and wrinkling by assisting the circulation of Ki. It stimulates the facial muscles directly to undo the stagnation of the meridians. To practice Facial Acupuncture, thorough understanding of facial anatomy is required. In this study the muscles of the head and neck, appropriate depth and angle of acupuncture needle, etc. were reviewed. The upper facial muscles including frontalis, procerus, corrugator supercilii and orbicularis oculi, the mid facial muscles including auricularis, nasalis, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus and so on, and the lower facial muscles including orbicularis oris, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, mentalis and platysma etc. were reviewed in this study. For safer and more effective use of Facial Acupuncture, further study on the objective outcome of the technique should be done.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to design appropriate digital tools for the production of makeup designs. In this study, we used a three-dimensional facial avatar simulation program developed by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research. This study is based on the creation of three-dimensional CG digital art of facial avatar makeup, produced by using simulation technology. First, the actual application and the tools for digital-optimization and media features were created, leading to the research and cleanup. Second, the theoretical background was applied to the formative elements of oriental colors in the designing process. Makeup design elements include point, line, surface, color, and texture. In this study, effective makeup design was interpreted to be based on the representation of particular elements, notably the design principles of balance, proportion, rhythm, repetition, emphasis, contrast, harmony, and unity. In Asia, design is based on the visibility of red, blue, black, yellow, and white-the colors of the five elements-and the use of points, lines, and shapes. This study was recently under scrutiny in relations to digital simulation and various three-dimensional designs, in terms of how to take advantage of a wide range of applications, and how to apply the findings through media and the dissemination of basic research. This study applies the characteristics of the limited existing stereoscopic three-dimensional and digital simulation programs in order to take advantage of the empirical research, providing a basis to implement this research in a meaningful way. A follow-up study is needed to extend these findings and theoretical foundation through continuous observation and in-depth technical development and research.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.111-126
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• 2011

Cultural collage phenomena came to the fore where various differing elements combined to make a reality in the post-modern culture. Collage, a technique with which to express a unique sense of texture has been used since a long time ago by fashion illustrators, finds itself expressed in much more diverse forms and characteristics, and its meanings changed, too. The purpose of this study is to analyze the formative characteristics of collage as expressed in fashion illustrations since 2000s and look into its aesthetic meanings, and in doing so, examine effects of changes along the times that have sought plural diversity on fashion illustrations. This study selected and examined from various collage techniques three collage expression techniques including papier colle, photo montage and assemblage frequently used as techniques of fashion illustrations. Papier colle technique expressed in fashion illustration simplify forms, thereby stressing linear elements, and express lines and planes At the same time, such works provide depth to planar spaces by overlapping objects and putting together differing elements, In fashion illustrations utilizing photo montage more than one images taken from photos are cut up and reconstructed, where illusory and sometimes shocking images are conveyed through particular forms or unrealistic compositions created by casual combination of unrelated images. Unique and eccentric images are conveyed by means of assemblage through the combination of various kinds of heterogeneous materials in fashion illustrations. This not only conveys fashion images sensitively but presents each fragment as objets regardless of its original functions, and attempts at new concepts.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2018

Increased emphasis on competency-based learning modules and widespread departure from traditional models of Halstedian apprenticeship have made surgical simulation an increasingly appealing component of medical education. Surgical simulators are available in numerous modalities, including virtual, synthetic, animal, and non-living models. The ideal surgical simulator would facilitate the acquisition and refinement of surgical skills prior to clinical application, by mimicking the size, color, texture, recoil, and environment of the operating room. Simulation training has proven helpful for advancing specific surgical skills and techniques, aiding in early and late resident learning curves. In this review, the current applications and potential benefits of incorporating simulation-based surgical training into residency curriculum are explored in depth, specifically in the context of plastic surgery. Despite the prevalence of simulation-based training models, there is a paucity of research on integration into resident programs. Current curriculums emphasize the ability to identify anatomical landmarks and procedural steps through virtual simulation. Although transfer of these skills to the operating room is promising, careful attention must be paid to mastery versus memorization. In the authors' opinions, curriculums should involve step-wise employment of diverse models in different stages of training to assess milestones. To date, the simulation of tactile experience that is reminiscent of real-time clinical scenarios remains challenging, and a sophisticated model has yet to be established.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2006

This study was carried out to estimate the physical and chemical soil characteristics in highway cutting slope areas. The soil was sampled in cutting area and natural vegetation area that was located in the upper areas of the highway cutting slope. The average total soil depth, bulk density, and soil hardness were bad in the highway cutting slope sites. The sandy loam was the most soil texture in the study area. The concentration of soil organic matter and nitrogen were very low in all highway cutting areas. The concentration of exchangeable cations was similar between the highway cutting slope and the natural vegetation sites in each highway. The soil pH was higher in highway cutting slope areas than in natural vegetation sites. In conclusion, chemical and physical properties of soil were bad in the cutting slope than in the natural vegetation area because of the loss of soil by cutting of slope area and less organic matter input by less vegetation in the highway cutting slope area. We should employ possible method to reduce the loss of soil, and compost and fertilization treatment could help to increase soil nutrient content in the cutting slope area.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

대용량 지형 데이터는 최신 그래픽 하드웨어를 사용해도 실시간으로 표현하기가 어렵다. 일반적으로 이런 대용량 지형 데이터를 실시간에 처리하기 위해 연속 상세 단계 기법 같은 메쉬 간략화 기법이 사용된다. 하지만 기하 분할(geometry splitting)과 같이 기존의 GPU기반 사진트리를 사용하는 기법은 트리의 깊이가 깊어질수록 많은 정점을 사용하고 이를 다시 재전송하기 때문에 성능이 저하되며 텍스처를 이용해 트리를 구성하기 때문에 트리의 용량이 커지는 단점이 있다. 이런 단점을 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 사진트리 기반의 묶음(chunk)으로 구성된 상세 단계 선별 기법을 GPU에서 처리하는 실시간 지형 렌더링 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 기하 분할 기법의 단점을 해결하기 위해 트리 탐색을 제한하고 테셀레이터(tessellator)에서 묶음을 생성한 후 렌더링함으로써 트리 탐색을 줄이고 묶음을 GPU에서 바로 생성할 수 있어 효율적으로 지형을 렌더링할 수 있다.