• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4285-4288
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• 2012

Background: Opisthorchis viverrini infection is a serious public-health problem in Southeast Asia. It is associated with a number of hepatobiliary diseases and the evidence strongly indicates that liver fluke infection is the etiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Objectives: This study aimed to determine Opisthorchis viverrini infection in elderly people in Surin province, Northeastern Thailand. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 333 elderly in 17 districts of Surin province, during one year period from January to December 2011. O. viverrini infection was determined using Kato's Thick Smear technique and socio-demographic were collected using predesigned semi-structured questionnaires, respectively. Results: A total of 333 elderly including 116 males and 217 females were selected from different study sites. Overall intestinal parasitic infection was 16.2%, predominantly in O. viverrini (9.91%) and followed by Strongyloides stercolaris (4.80%) and hookworm (1.50%), respectively. The O. viverrini infection was found higher in males (13.8%) than females (7.83%), and frequently in elderly 60-70 year old with 14.2%. Chi-square testing indicated that education and occupation were significantly associated with O. viverrini infection (P value = 0.02). The distribution of O. viverrini infection was found in 11 districts which was covered 64.7% of the studies areas. The highest prevalence was found in Thatum with 39.1%, and followed by Sangkha (24.0%), Buachet (21.1%), Samrong Thap (19.1%), Si Narong (15.0%), and Ratanaburi (13.3%) districts. Conclusion: This findings stress that O viverrini is still a problem in Thailand. We confirmed, for the first time, the high endemicity of human O. viverrini infections in elderly in Surin province of Thailand, underlying the fact that mass treatment and health education are urgently required.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2001

Objective: Recently, microdissection of tissue sections has been used increasingly for the isolation of morphologically identified homogeneous cell populations, thus overcoming the obstacle of tissue complexity for the analysis cell-specific expression of macromolecules. The aim of the present study was to establish the minimal conditions required for the RNA extraction and amplification from the cells captured by the laser captured microdissection. Methods : Mouse ovaries were fixed and cut into serial sections (7 im thickness). Oocytes were captured by laser captured microdissection (LCM) method by using PixCell $II^{TM}$ system. The frozen sections were fixed in 70% ethanol and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, while the paraffin sections were stained with Multiple stain. Sections were dehydrated in graded alcohols followed by xylene and air-dried for 20 min prior to LCM. All reactions were performed in ribonuclease free solutions to prevent RNA degradation. After LCM, total RNA extraction from the captured oocytes was performed using the guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) solution, and subsequently evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Results: With the frozen sections, detection of the GAPDH mRNA expression in the number of captured 25 oocytes were not repeatable, but the expression was always detectable from 50 oocytes. With 25 oocytes, at least 27 PCR cycles were required, whereas with 50 oocytes, 21 cycles were enough to detect GA PDH expression. Amount of the primary cDNA required for RT-PCR was reduced down to at least 0.25 $\grave{i}$ l with 50 oocytes, thus the resting 19.75 il cDNA can be used for the testing other interested gene expression. Tissue-to-slide, tissue-to-tissue forces were very high in the paraffin sections, thus the greater number of cell procurement was required than the frozen sections. Conclusion: We have described a method for analyzing gene expression at the RNA level with the homogeneously microdissected cells from the small amount of tissues with complexity. We found that LCM coupled with RT-PCR could detect housekeeping gene expression in 50 oocytes captured. This technique can be easily applied for the study of gene expression with the small amount of tissues.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.30-44
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• 1995

This study aimed at analyzing the trend of re-search on pain in Korea, suggesting direction future pain research, and contributing to the use of pain interventions in nursing practice. Research studies on pain were selected from journals of medical and nursing schools, the Korean Nurse, the Korean Nurses' Academic Society Journal, the Central Journal of Medicine, the New Medical Journal, and from theses and dissertations, which were conducted between 1970 and 1994. The total number of the studies was 93. These studies were analyzed for 1) time of publication or presentation, 2) thesis for a degree or nondegree, 3) research design, 4) characteristics of subjects used in each study, 5) measurement tool, 6) types of correlated variables, 7) Korean terms for pain 8) types of nursing interventions, and 9) results of studies. The findings of the analysis can be summerized as follows : 1) The number of studies related to pain has increased rapidly since the early 1980's. The number of experimental research studies related to pain has increased chronologically, but the number of survey research studies related to pain was highest from 1981 to 1985, after that it decreased slowly. 2) The subjects in 19 studies were healthy people and, in 73 studies, patients with various illnesses. Thirty two studies were conducted with surgical patients. 3) Sixty one pain research studies were done for a thesis for a degree and 32 were nondegree research studies. 4) As measurement tools for pain, self- report pain scales were used in 54 studies and more than two tools were used in 28 studies. In the experimental studies, the trend was to use more than two tools. And in the nonexperirnental studies, the trend was to use self-report pain scales only. 5) There were 11 correlational studies. In these studies, the trend was to study anxiety, depression and variables such as intravenous infusion as related to pain.6) In the thirty six experimental studies, the effects of 16 types of nursing interventions weretested. Teaching and information, and relaxation technique were the most popular interventions for pain. 7) In eighteen methodological studies, the majority were studies testing the validity and re-liability of Dr. Lee's Korean Pain Rating Questionnaire. The following suggestions are made based on the above findings : 1) The patterns of these studies related to pain in Korea need to be compared with trends in other countries. 2) Meta - analysis should be done to analyze and integrate the results of various studies. 3) This analysis of pain research is needed to identify the present trend of pain research and to suggest the direction of future pain research, so these patterns of studies should be done in 5 to 10 year intervals. 4) More replicated pain research is needed to prove the effect of nursing interventions and more qualitative research on pain is needed to identify indepth the meaning of pain. 5) Pain researchers should make an effort to apply research result in various clinical settings and try to carry out team research with clinical nurses or with other multidiscipinary researchers.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.157-170
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• 2001

The bond strength is the most important factor in establishing long-term success of resin-retained fixed prostheses. So, various surface treatment methods have been introduced to improve the bond strength of metal surface and bonding resin till now This study was performed to compare the effect of silicoating with that of metal primer and analyze the correlation between treatment time of sandblasting and the bond strength, so that meant to find more effective surface treatment method that could enhance the bond strength of resin-retained fixed prostheses. The surfaces of all specimens made of $Verabond^{(R)}$ alloys were air abraded with $250{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ according to treatment time of sandblasting and they were subdivided to be treated with only sandblasting(S group), silicoating following sandblasting(SS group) and metal primer application after sandblasting(SM group). Then pairs of metal specimens (${\phi}10mm{\times}h\;2mm,\;{\phi}6{\times}h\;2mm$) were bonded with Super bond $C&B^{(R)}$. The specimens were stored in $38^{\circ}C$ water for 48 hours and shear bond strength was measured using the universal testing machine. The results were as follows, 1. In the comparison of shear bond strength according to treatment time of sandblasting, bond strength was increased in the order of 0', 15', 30', 45', 60' group. 0' group had significantly lower value than any other, while 0', 15' group were significantly different with 30', 45', 60' group(p<0.05). 2. In the comparison of shear bond strength according surface treatment methods, bond strength was increased in the order of S group. SS group and SM group. S group was significantly different with SS group and SM group(p<0.05). 3. Observing the mode of bond failure. 0', 15' group showed only adhesive failure, and 30', 45', 60' group did mostly adhesive & cohesive failure in S group. In SS group and SM group, all other groups except 0', 15' group showed mostly cohesive failure. From the above results, it is considered that sandblasting should be treated for more than 30 seconds, and metal primer be more effective and available clinically than silicoater system which is complicate, technique-sensitive and time-consuming method, when nonprecious metal surface is planning be treated with in order enhance the bond strength of resin-retained fixed prostheses.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

This study investigated the compressive fracture strength of Targis ceromer crown by the difference of occlusal thickness on a maxillary first premolar. Control group was a castable IPS-Empress all-ceramic crown with occlusal thickness of 1.5 mm constructed by layered technique. Experimental groups were Targis crowns having different occlusal thicknesses of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, respectively. The classification of Targis group is T10, T15, T20, T25 and T15N (for no-thermocycling and occlusal thickness of 1.5mm). Ten samples were tested per each group. Except occlusal thickness, all dimension of metal die is same with axial inclination of $10^{\circ}$and marginal width 0.8mm chamfer. All crowns were cemented with Panavia F and thermocycled 1,000 times between $5^{\circ}$ and $55^{\circ}$ water bath with 10 sec dwelling time and 10 sec resting time. The compressive fracture strength was measured by universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. Fracture strength was increased as the occlusal thickness increased : compressive fracture strength of Group T10, T15, T20, T25 was $66.65{\pm}4.88kgf$, $75.04{\pm}3.01kgf$, $87.07{\pm}7.06kgf$ and $105.03{\pm}10.56kgf$, respectively. 2. When comparing material, Targis crown had higher fracture strength than IPS-Empress crown : the mean compressive strength of group T15 was $75.04{\pm}3.01kgf$ and the value of group Control was $37.66{\pm}4.28kgf$. 3. Fracture strength was decreased by thermocycling : the compressive fracture strength of T15 was $75.04{\pm}3.01kgf$, which is lower than $90.69{\pm}6.88kgf$ of group T15N. 4. The fracture line of crowns began at the loading point and extended along long axis of tooth. IPS-Empress showed adhesive failure pattern whereas Targis had adhesive and cohesive failure. In the SEM view, stress was distributed radially from loading point and the crack line was more prominent on Targis crown.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2016

현장에서는 콘크리트 공사시 거푸집 탈형작업을 위한 다양한 기술들이 활용되고 있다. 그중에서 콘크리트의 압축강도추정을 위한 비파괴 시험방법에는 다양한 방법들이 제시되고 있지만, 일반적으로 타격법(반발경도법이라 칭함)과 비타격법(초음파법이라 칭함)을 활용한 시험방법이 주로 활용된다. 비파괴시험에 의한 압축강도의 추정은 경험 값에 의한 방정식에 의하여 계산할 수 있으며 다양한 식들이 제시되고 있으나, 초기재령에서 조기강도가 발현되는 콘크리트에 대한 데이터는 적은 편으로 기존의 강도추정식에 의한 압축강도의 계산에는 한계점이 있을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 현장에서 주로 활용되는 조기탈형용 콘크리트의 배합을 활용하여 소형 공시체 및 Mock-up 시험체의 파괴 및 비파괴검사를 수행하였으며, 기존 비파괴검사 추정식을 통한 강도 결과 값을 분석하였다. 실험결과, 기존 연구의 비파괴시험에 의한 제안식을 활용한 압축강도 추정값은 파괴시험방법에 비하여 하회하는 경향으로 70% 이하의 값을 나타냈으며, 초음파속도에 의한 신뢰성은 강도가 높아질수록 낮아지는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 범위에서 조기강도 발현 콘크리트의 강도추정에 있어 기존식의 활용의 한계점이 있을 것으로 분석되어, 24~60MPa의 콘크리트를 대상으로 반발경도법 및 초음파속도법에 의한 추정식을 제안하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2016

Human hydatid disease (cystic echinococcosis, CE) is a chronic parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. As the disease mainly affects the liver, approximately 70% of all identified CE cases are detected in this organ. Optical molecular imaging (OMI), a noninvasive imaging technique, has never been used in vivo with the specific molecular markers of CE. Thus, we aimed to construct an in vivo fluorescent imaging mouse model of CE to locate and quantify the presence of the parasites within the liver noninvasively. Drug-treated protoscolices were monitored after marking by JC-1 dye in in vitro and in vivo studies. This work describes for the first time the successful construction of an in vivo model of E. granulosus in a small living experimental animal to achieve dynamic monitoring and observation of multiple time points of the infection course. Using this model, we quantified and analyzed labeled protoscolices based on the intensities of their red and green fluorescence. Interestingly, the ratio of red to green fluorescence intensity not only revealed the location of protoscolices but also determined the viability of the parasites in vivo and in vivo tests. The noninvasive imaging model proposed in this work will be further studied for long-term detection and observation and may potentially be widely utilized in susceptibility testing and therapeutic effect evaluation.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1612-1612
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• 2001

The production of grain for export and domestic use is one of Australia's most important agricultural industries, and the NIR technique has been used extensively over many years for the routine monitoring of grain quality, particularly moisture and protein content. Because most Australian grain is intended for human food production, the determinants of grain quality for livestock feed, apart from protein, have been largely ignored. However the increasing use of grain for feeding to pigs, poultry, beef cattle and dairy cows has led to an important national research project entitled “Premium Grains for Livestock”. Two of the objectives of this project are to determine the compositional and functional characteristics of grains which influence their nutritional quality for the various classes of livestock, and to adopt rapid and objective analytical tests for these quality criteria. NIR has been used in this project firstly to identify a set of grain samples from a large population of breeders' lines which showed a wide spectral variation, and hence a potentially wide variation in nutritional value. The selected samples were not only subjected to an extensive array of chemical, physical and in vitro analyses, but also were grown out to produce sufficient quantities of grain to feed to animals in vivo studies. Additional grains were also strategically selected from farms in order to include the effect of weather damage, such as rain, drought and frost. In this study to date, NIR calibrations have been derived or attempted, on both ground and whole grains, for in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD), pepsin-cellulase dry matter disappearance, protein, fat, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, starch, in sacco DMD and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion in the lumen and small intestine. Results so far indicate high calibration accuracy for chemical components (SECV 0.3 to 2.6%) and very promising statistics for in vivo DMD (SECV 1.8, $R^2$ 0.93, SD 7.0, range 61.9 to 92.3, n=60). There appears to be some potential for NIR to estimate some in vitro properties, depending upon the accuracy of reference methods and appropriate sample populations. Current work is in progress to extend the range of grains with in vivo DMD values (a very laborious and expensive process) and to increase the robustness of the various NIR calibrations, with the aim of implementing uniform testing procedures for nutritional value of grains throughout Australia.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 중학교 수학 영재를 수학 창의적 문제해결력 검사로 판별할 때, 유창성만을 기준으로 수학 창의적 문제해결력을 채점하는 방식의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하는데 있다. 이를 위해서 수학영역에서의 직관적 통찰능력, 정보의 조직화 능력, 추론능력, 일반화 및 적용능력, 추상화능력, 공간화/시각화 능력, 반성적 사고력을 요구하는 문항들로 구성된 검사를 개발했다. 고급한 수학적 사고력을 요구하며 정답이 하나인 폐쇄적인 수학문항 10개와 다양한 답이 가능한 개방적인 수학 문항 5개를 영재교육기관의 교육대상자 선발과정에 지원한 중학교 1학년 1,032명에게 실시했다. 교사들은 각 문제에 대해 타당한 답을 제시한 빈도로 유창성을 채점했다. 학생들의 반응을 Rasch의 1모수 문항반응모형을 기반으로 한 BIGSTEPS로 분석했다. 문항반응 분석결과, 유창성만으로 측정한 창의성을 기준으로 한 영재교육대상자 선발의 신뢰도, 타당도, 난이도, 변별도가 모두 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 덜 정의되고, 덜 구조화되고, 신선한 문제일수록 영재교육대상자 선발과정에 지원한 학생들의 수학 창의적 문제해결력을 평가하는데 양호한 문제임이 확인되었다. 이 검사는 영재교육원 지원생들이 영재학급 지원생들보다 창의적 문제해결력에서 더 우수함을 확인해주었다. 이로써 유창성만을 기준으로 수학 창의적 문제해결력을 채점하는 방식이 효율적이며, 타당하고 신뢰로울 수 있음을 확인해 주었다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2020

현 연구는 개별 건물에 대한 지진취약도 예측 및 특정 관심 지역 내 전체 건물의 안전 상태를 예측하는 방법의 제시에 그 목적이 있다. 현 연구의 범위는 지진피해 저감 연구 중, 예방 활동에 속하는 시뮬레이터 모델개발, 모델 유효성 검증을 포함한다. 연구의 대상은 지역 건물 시스템이다. 선행연구 조사 결과, 국내의 지진 예측 모델링 및 그 결과를 GIS를 활용해 적용한 사례의 성과는 아직은 미비한 것으로 판단되었으며, 이를 다소간이나마 개선하기 위한 방편의 일환으로 현 연구가 진행되었다. 국내·외 총 348개의 데이터를 사용해 통계 분석이 실시되었다. 일련의 통계 분석 결과, 최적화 척도법에 의한 모델이 개발되었고, 모델의 예측 정확도는 87%로 산정되었다. 통계 분석을 통해 개발된 모델식을 지역 건물 시스템의 지진취약도 예측에 적용하기 위해, 공간 분석 기법이 활용되었다. 서울시 구도심과 신도심의 특성을 대표하는 강남구와 종로구 그리고 종로구와 지반 조건이 유사한 은평구를 대상 지역으로 선정하였고, 분석 결과 건물을 대상으로 강남구가 종로구와 은평구에 비해 위험한 것으로 예측되었다.