• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.433-442
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• 2010

The study aim was to examine the effect of sensory responses of subjects after 6-month dietary sodium reduction with the aid of nutritional education. Fourteen female college students voluntarily restricted their sodium intake for 6 months, during which time they received nutritional education on the low sodium diet. As a control group, 10 students, whose anthropometric measurement, sodium intake behavior, and blood pressure were not different from those of the experimental group, were maintained on a normal diet. For the sensory responses of subjects, the salt taste perception and pleasantness for graded (0.15-1.3%) NaCl solutions were measured by a 9-point hedonic scale. The optimum sodium concentration, urinary sodium excretion, and blood pressure were measured. All the measurements were done at the beginning and end of the experiment. The sensory evaluation revealed an absence of any difference between the two groups in salt taste perception and pleasantness responses at the beginning. After 6-month adaptation, the experimental group subjects showed higher responses to low NaCl solution (0.15, 0.3, 0.5%) in salt taste perception and pleasantness evaluation while the control group subjects exhibited the opposite response. The optimum sodium concentration was reduced from 105.6 mmol to 80.7 mmol (p = 0.015) and the urinary sodium excretion was also reduced from 1,398 mg to 906 mg (p = 0.041) only in the experimental group. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the experimental group, although there was no correlation between the urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure. The optimum sodium concentration was negatively correlated with the urinary sodium excretion (r = 0.418, p = 0.053), indicating that adaptation to low sodium diet can reduce sodium intake. Further study on the individual responses of subjects on a low sodium diet by periodical evaluation may provide useful data for setting the duration needed to stabilize a lowered appetite for sodium.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.71-75
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• 2007

This research was conducted from 1 March 2005 to 28 February 2007. We collected data from optician stores around Kwang-Ju city, 208 people aged 40 to 80 years using the cross cylinder method to find out age and gender dependence of near addition. 1. Age dependence of Refractive error shows 5% of emmetropia 34% of myopia and 43% of hyperopia. These results reveal that rate of hyperopia is higher than emmetropia and myopia. Mixed Astigmatism rate was 18%. 2. Near addition required to correct Presbyopia is analyzed as functions of gender and ages. In case of man: 40-44 (+0.75D), 45-49(+1.25D), 50-54(+1.41D), 55-59(+1.92D), 60-64(+2.35D), 65-69(+1.97D), 70(+3.12D), In case of woman: 40-44 (+1.08D), 45-49 (+1.38D), 50-54 (+1.67D), 55-59(+2.05D), 60-64 (+2.50D), 65-69 (+2.57D), $70{\leq}(+3.18D)$. Result shows it's Adding power higher than man. 3. Age dependence of Axis of Astigmatism. In case of horizontal astigmatism 61.2%, vertical 2.8% and rest else for 36%. Setting point from Binocular vision tells that average adding power of 40-44 (+0.75D) or (+1.00D), 45-49 (+1.25D) or (+1.50D), 50-54 (+1.50D), 55-59 (+2.00D), 60-64 (+2.50D), 65-69 (+2.50D) or (+2.75D), over $70{\leq}(+3.00D)$ or (+3.25D) of average adding power.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Maintenance of adequate soil water potential during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil water movement within and below the rooting zone can facilitate optimal irrigation scheduling aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of water stress on crop growth and development and the leaching of water below the root zone which can have adverse environmental effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a portable irrigation controller with an Watermark sensor for the cultivation of drip-irrigated vegetable crops in a greenhouse. The control capability of the irrigation controller for a soil water potential of -20 kPa was evaluated under summer conditions by cultivating 45-day-old tomato plants grown in three differently textured soils (sandy loam, loam, and loamy sands). Water contents through each soil profile were continuously monitored using three Sentek probes, each consisting of three capacitance sensors at 10, 20, and 30 cm depths. Even though a repeatable cycling of soil water potential occurred for the potential treatment, the lower limit of the Watermark (about 0 kPa) obtained in this study presented a limitation of using the Watermark sensor for optimal irrigation of tomato plants where -20 kPa was used as a point for triggering irrigations. This problem might be related to the slow response time and inadequate soil-sensor interface of the Watermark sensor as compared to a porous and ceramic cup-based tensiometer with a sensitive pressure transducer. In addition, the irrigation time of 50 to 60 min at each of the irrigation operation gave a rapid drop of the potential to zero, resulting in over irrigation of tomatoes. There were differences in water content among the three different soil types under the variable rate irrigation, showing a range of water contents of 16 to 24%, 17 to 28%, and 24 to 32% for loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils, respectively. The greatest rate increase in water content was observed in the top of 10 cm depth of sandy loam soil within almost 60 min from the start of irrigation.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.127-136
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• 1998

On-line geometrical quality assurance system has been developed using electronic portal imaging system(OQuE). EPID system is networked into Pentium PC in order to transmit the acquisited images to analysis PC. Geometrical QA parameters, including light-radiation field congruence, collimator rotation axis, and gantry rotation axis can be easily analyzed with the help of graphic user interface(GUI) software. Equipped with the EPID (Portal Vision, Varian, USA), geometrical quality assurance of a linear accelerator (CL/2100/CD, Varian, USA), which is networked into OQuE, was performed to evaluate this system. Light-radiation field congruence tests by center of gravity analysis shows 0.2～0.3mm differences for various field sizes. Collimator (or Gantry) rotation axis for various angles could be obtained by superposing 4 shots of angles. The radius of collimator rotation axis is measured to 0.2mm for upper jaw collimator, and 0.1mm for lower jaw. Acquisited images for various gantry angles were rotated according to the gantry angle and actual center of image point obtained from collimator axis test. The rotated images are superpositioned and analyzed as the same method as collimator rotation axis. The radius of gantry rotation axis is calculated 0.3mm for anterior/posterior direction (gantry 0$^{\circ}$ and 170$^{\circ}$) and 0.7mm for right/left direction(gantry 90$^{\circ}$ and 260$^{\circ}$). Image acquisition for data analysis is faster than conventional method and the results turn out to be excellent for the development goal and accurate within a milimeter range. The OQuE system is proven to be a good tool for the geometrical quality assurance of linear accelerator using EPID.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2009

Background: With the advances of cardiac surgery, the demand for an artificial prosthesis has increased, and this has led to the development and utilization of diverse alternative materials. We conducted this research to improve an artificial prosthesis by examining the changes of the physical qualities, the pressure related tensile strength, the change in elasticity and the thermostability of a xenograft valve (porcine) and pericardium (bovine, porcine) based on the type of fixation liquid we used. Material and Method: The xenograft valves and pericardium were assigned into three groups: the untreated group, the fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) group and the glutaraldehyde with GA+solvent such as ethanol etc. group. The surgeons carried out each group's physical activities. Each group's uniaxial tension and elasticity was measured and compared. Thermostability testing was conducted and compared between the bovine and porcine pericardium fixed with GA group and the GA+solvent group. Result: On the physical activity test in the surgeon's hand, no significant difference between the groups was sensed on palpation. For suture and tension, the GA+solvent group was slightly firmer than the low GA concentration group. In general, the circumferential uniaxial tension and elasticity of the porcine aortic and pulmonary valves were better in the fixed groups than that in the untreated group. There was no significant difference between the GA and GA+solvent groups (p>0.05). Bovine and porcine pericardium also showed no significant difference between the GA group and the GA+solvent group (p>0.05). When comparing between the groups for each experiment, the elasticity tended to be stronger in most of the higher GA concentration group (porcine pulmonary valve, porcine pericardium). On the thermostability testing of the bovine and porcine pericardium, the GA group and the G+solvent group both had a sudden shrinking point at $80^{\circ}C$ that showed no difference (bovine pericardium: p=0.057, porcine pericardium: p=0.227). Conclusion: When fixing xenograft prosthetic devices with GA, adding a solvent did not cause a loss in pressure-tension, tension-elasticity and thermostability. In addition, more functional solvents or cleansers should be developed for developing better xenografts.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the emotional state and personality characteristics of patient with panic disorder. Methods: Twenty patients with panic disorder, 21 patients with somatoform disorder, and 20 normal healthy controls were studied. Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Korean standardized edition of Cattell's 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire(16-PF) were used for assessment. Statistically, One-way ANOVA with Scheffe test were used by SPSS/PC for windows. Results: 1) Total score of BDI was higher in the panic group than the somatoform group and normal control group(p<0.001). 2) Total score of state anxiety and trait anxiety in the panic group was higher than the somatoform group and normal control group(p<0.001). 3) In 16 PF, there were no definitely abnormal range of scores. But in first-stratum source traits of 16PF, the panic group was higher than the somatoform group and normal healthy group in O-factor (p<0.01) and Q4-factor(p<0.001). In second-stratum source traits of 16PF, the panic group was higher than the somatoform group in ANX-factor(p<0.05), but lower than normal control group in TOUfactor(p<0.05). 4) There were no differences in the panic subgroup according to sex and cutoff points of BDI score 16 and STAI-T score 54. 5) According to cutoff point of STAI-S score 52, the panic subgroup above 52 was higher than the panic subgroup under 52 in G-factor(p<0.001), Q3-factor(p<0.05) and SUP-factor(p<0.001), but lower in L-factor(p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that emotional state of patients with panic disorder are depressive and anxious as compared with patients with somatoform disorder and normal controls. Patients with panic disorder did not show any abnormal personality characteristics but were more guilt-prone, anxious, emotionally sensitive. We propose that the understanding of panic patients' emotional state and personality characteristics will helpful to treat and manage in patient with panic disorder.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 1978

The sensory test and analysis of the proximate composition and hydroxyproline content of 4 kinds of Korean commercial sausage products (Beef, Hamburger, Frank, Hotdog) were carried out and the results were compared one another. The qualities of these sausage products were compared one another. The qualities of these sausage products were compared on the basis of the nutritive value of foreign sausages and according to the Korea Food Law. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The general conclusion drawn from the results of the proximate analysis was that the average composition of commercial sausages was adequate in view of the limits set by the Food Law. 2. The evaluation factors of sausages based on moisture-to-protein and protein-to-fat ratios were proposed tocompare the qualities of Korean commercial sausages with those of foreign commercial sausages. 3. Content of collagen as connective tissues in total protein of Korean commercial sausages were $2.1{\sim}15%$. The results of the present study appeared to suggest that meat contents of Korean commercial sausages used in this study were less than those of foreign sausages. 4. Among the 4 different kinds of sausages studied the qualities of Frank sausages were the best whereas those of Hotdog sausages were of the lowest quality. Beef sausages appeared better than Hamburger sausages from the view point of nutritive components.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.459-474
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal operation condition of the natural evaporation system(NES) which was used for reducing swine slurry. Especially the main point of this study is to estimate the effect of climate condition(clear & rainy) and spray type(batch & flow) for the evaporation rate of swine slurry applying the NES in summer. Experiment was performed from June to August, which was generally regarded as summer in Korea, with the spray type of batch in 2000 and that of flow in 2001. As a result of experiment for batch and flow type, the averaged evaporation rate was measured into 2.71 and 3.59 l/ton . $m^2$ . day on clear days and 0.62 and 0.66 l/ton . $m^2$ . day on raint days, respectively. Based on the calculated evaporation rate by the climate condition and the spray type, it was proved that the averaged reduction rate for total input(1t/day) were 15.99% and 3.19% on clear and rainy days and the evaporation rate of the flow type was superior to that of the batch type by 5%, approximately. Therefore, it was concluded that the supplementary equipment, such as fan, should by operated in rainy days and the spray type of flow rather than that of batch should be recommended to increase the evaporation rate in the natural evaporation system(NES).

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.40
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• pp.477-496
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• 2015

Emotional awareness is the image of a person is represented by different tendencies. Currently, the emotion computing to objectively evaluate the emotion recognition research is being actively studied. However, existing emotional computing research has many problems to run. First, the non-objective in emotion recognition if it is inaccurate. Second, the correlation between the emotion recognition is unclear points. So to test the regularity of image sensitivity to the need of the present study is to control emotions in the computing system. In addition, the screen number of the emotion recognized for the purpose of this study, applying the method of objective image emotional computing system and compared with a similar degree of emotion of the person. The key features of the image emotional computing system calculates the emotion recognized as numbered digital form. And to study the background of emotion computing is a key advantage of the effect of the James A. Russell for digitization of emotion (Core Affect). Pleasure emotions about the core axis (X axis) of pleasure and displeasure, tension (Y-axis) axis of tension and relaxation of emotion, emotion is applied to the computing research. Emotional axis with associated representative sensibility very happy, excited, elated, happy, contentment, calm, relaxing, quiet, tired, helpless, depressed, sad, angry, stress, anxiety, pieces 16 of tense emotional separated by a sensibility ComputingIt applies. Course of the present study is to use the color of the color key elements of the image computing formula sensitivity, brightness, and saturation applied to the sensitivity property elements. Property and calculating the rate sensitivity factors are applied to the importance weight, measured by free-level sensitivity score (X-axis) and the tension (Y-axis). Emotion won again expanded on the basis of emotion crossed point, and included a representative selection in Sensibility size of the top five ranking representative of the main emotion. In addition, measuring the emotional image of a person with 16 representative emotional score, and separated by a representative of the top five senses. Compare the main representative of the main representatives of Emotion and Sensibility people aware of the sensitivity of the results to verify the similarity degree computing emotion emotional emotions depending on the number of representative matches. The emotional similarity computing results represent the average concordance rate of major sensitivity was 51%, representing 2.5 sensibilities were consistent with the person's emotion recognition. Similar measures were the degree of emotion computing calculation and emotion recognition in this study who were given the objective criteria of the sensitivity calculation. Future research will need to be maintained weight room and the study of the emotional equation of a higher concordance rate improved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2010

The capacity of natural purification was limited by the interruption of natural flow and the problems such as eutrophication were occurred by nutritive salts accumulation in stagnant stream. Moreover, the inflow of non-point sources causes non-degradable materials to increase in stagnant stream. In this study, an upflow biological activated carbon (BAC) biofilm process comprised of anoxic, aerobic 1, and aerobic 2 reactors were introduced for treatment of stagnant stream and SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, and TP were monitored in the upflow BAC biofilm reactors with continuous cycling. In order to simulate stagnant stream, the lake water of amusement park and golf course were stored as influent in a tank of $2m^3$ and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was changed into 6, 4, and 2 hours. At HRT 4hr and the lake water of amusement park as influent, the removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, and TP showed the best water quality improvement and were 69.8, 83.0, 91.3, 74.1, 74.7, and 88.9%, respectively. At HRT 4hr and the lake water of golf course as influent, the removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN and TP were 78.5, 78.0, 80.2, 74.9, 55.6 and 97.5%, respectively. As the results of polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), microbial community was different depending on influent type. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that nitrifying bacteria was dominant at HRT 4 hr. The biomass amount and microbial activities by INT-DHA test were not decrease even at lower HRT condition. In this study, the upflow BAC biofilm process would be considered to the water quality improvement of stagnant stream.