• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.501-506
• /
• 2018

Container terminals can maximize operational efficiency when appropriate berths (lengths) and yard capacity are secured. However, some container ports, such as Busan New Port, are separated and operated individually, which limits the efficiency of logistics. In this study, it was analyzed that the efficiency of the overall terminal operation (logistics) can be greatly improved when the yard co-petition area is used for two adjacent container terminals.

• Journal of IKEEE
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.579-586
• /
• 2023

Device-to-Device communication is a very important essential feature in PPDR(Public Protection Disaster Relief) communication, but it has not yet been implemented in LTE-based PPDR communication. In this study, we propose a solution to implement the LTE-based domestic PPDR communication network by evolving the terminals into D2D in-band terminals and effectively operating the current PS-LTE terminals and digital radios in the transitional period.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.399-407
• /
• 2014

Due to the increase of container terminals, as the volume of terminals become distributed, the competition of preserving existing volume and inviting new volume are becoming fierce, and various ways for processing terminal volume and inviting volume are being sought. Container terminal efforts to maximize efficiency in order to improve the volume handling capability and productivity by both expansion of the latest equipment and development of the latest terminal system. There are a variety of factors that influence the improvement of productivity at container terminals. Among them, in the case of yard transfer equipment, if it were to convert from the method of a Yard Tractor(YT) being fixed allocated to a certain Gantry Cranes(GC) to a Pooling System that processes in a method that properly distributes and allocates a Yard Tractor(YT) to multiple Gantry Cranes(GC), the terminal productivity and the fusibility of YT may be increased. The KPI which is an indicator for the productivity at container terminals is GC productivity and since GC productivity cannot exceed the speed of physical GC operations, a Pooling System is applied to increase productivity which its meaning and effect is massive. Here in the Report, we produce the Pooling Algorithm system to improve the efficiency of the transported equipments in container terminal which is actually applying for this method and have compared Non pooling system with Pooling system in the fields. By introducing a transfer equipment pooling system and enhancing the productivity compared to other terminals, it may become an essential factor for increasing the continuous service quality and profitability in terms of terminal business.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 1997

In this study, we researched the concentration of nitrogen dioxide($NO_{2}$) and sulfur dioxide($SO_{2}$) of indoor(waiting room) and outdoor(place of getting on the bus) at the bus terminals (Kang-Nam, Dong-Seoul and Nam-Bu) in Seoul to recognize the degree of pollution by exhaust gas of the diesel engine vehicles, and examine the factor that might affect air pollution of terminals. The concentration of $NO_{2}$ and $SO_{2}$ were measured in winter and summer, and the results of the analysis are as follows : The mean concentration of $NO_{2}$ was $57.49{\pm}21.86$ ppb and the concentration of outdoor with $64.10{\pm}27.69$ ppb was significantly higher than the indoor with $50.89{\pm}10.92$ ppb (p<0.05), and the highest with $73.54{\pm}25.54$ ppb at Kang-Nam terminal (p<0.01). The mean concentration of $NO_{2}$ was $62.80{\pm}24.74$ ppb in winter and $52.19{\pm}17.50$ ppb in summer, and had a not statistical difference. The mean concentration of $SO_{2}$ was $31.71{\pm}8.73$ ppb and the concentration of outdoor with $31.04{\pm}8.89$ ppb was similar to the indoor $32.29{\pm}8.70$ ppb, and the highest with $32.57{\pm}9.01$ ppb at Dong-Seoul terminal (p<0.05). The mean concentration of $SO_{2}$ in winter with $39.67{\pm}4.10$ ppb was significantly higher than in summer with $23.76{\pm}2.61$ ppb (p<0.01). The concentration of outdoor $NO_{2}$ at Kang-Nam terminal was 104, 84 ppb in winter and 81.20 ppb in summer, and had a statistical difference compared with the concentration of indoor $NO_{2}$ at Dong-Seoul and Nam-Bu terminals. The concentration of indoor $NO_{2}$ and $SO_{2}$ were higher than that of outdoor at Kang-Nam and Dong-Seoul terminals, but on the contrary, lower than that of outdoor at Nam-Bu terminal. The concentration of $NO_{2}$ and $SO_{2}$ at Nam-Bu terminal were lower than those at Kang-Nam and Dong-Seoul terminals. While the concentration of $SO_{2}$ show the large difference between winter and summer, that of $NO_{2}$ dose not.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.299-305
• /
• 2006

Onuf's nucleus, which is located in the ventral horn, has been known to innervate the striated muscles of the urethral and anal sphincter muscles via the pudendal nerve Onuf's nuclei are resistant to pathologic condition such as poliovirus. The reason why the motor neurons in Onuf's nucleus are less degenerated is not certain until now. The present study aims at updating the microscopical characteristics including its location the Onuf's nucleus innervating the external urethral sphincter, and ultrastructures of the zinc-enriched (ZEN) terminals synaptically-contacting with Onuf's motor neurons in the rat spinal gray matter by using HRP tracing method and zinc selenium autometallography, respectively. Based on HRP tracing method, Onuf's nuclei were located adjacent lateral dendritic projections of the ventral horn. Their shape was almost round at lumbar level, but oval at sacral segment of spinal cord. In size, their somata were smaller than that of other motor nuclei. In AMG stained sections, Onuf's nuclei were innervated by highly concentrated ZEN terminals, and contained small and middle-sized ZEN, but totally void of large ZEN terminals. AMG silver grains were confined to presynaptic ZEN terminals against dendritic elements and somata of the Onuf's motor neurons. A majority of the ZEN terminals contained flattened synaptic vesicles and made symmetrical synaptic specializations.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.65-90
• /
• 2011

Private stevedoring companies are leasing and operating the container terminals of the Busan Port. The total amount of lease fees private stevedoring companies paid in 2010 reached 161 billion wons, an approximately 66 percent of the total revenue of the Busan Port Authority(BPA). In other words, lease fees are the most important revenue source for BPA. However, the lease fee assessment system of Busan container terminals goes against the principle of equity due to different assessment methods and criteria adopted by each container terminal. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the systematic problems of the lease fee assessment system that is used at Busan container terminals, and propose a new standardized scheme with a case study on the new system. In order to standardize the assessment system, the assessment methods need to be simplified by using the Discounted Cash Flow(DCF) method. In addition, the assessment criteria such as assessment duration, discount rates, price indexes, estimated container throughputs, sales unit price per TEU, operation costs, including labor costs, need to be standardized as well. The new standardized assessment system can be applied to estimate lease fees for new terminals. However, for existing terminals to run the new system, factors such as assessment duration, discount rates, price indexes, estimated container throughputs, investment and re-investment costs, and maintenance & repair costs of the new system should be changed slightly.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.63-87
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to measure the efficiency of Korean container terminals by using SFA(Stochastic Frontier Analysis). Inputs[Number of Employee, Quay Length, Container Terminal Area, Number of Gantry Crane], and output[TEU] are used for 3 years(2002,2003, and 2004) for 8 Korean container terminals by applying both SFA and DEA models. Empirical main results are as follows: First, Null hypothesis that technical inefficiency is not existed is rejected and in the trasnslog model, the estimate is significant. Second, time-series models show the significant results. Third, average technical efficiency of Korean container terminals are 73.49% in Cobb-Douglas model, and 79.04% in translog model. Fourth, to enhance the technical efficiency, Korean container terminals should increase the handling amount of TEUs. Fifth, both SFA and DEA models have the high Spearman ranking of correlation coefficients(84.45%). The main policy implication based on the findings of this study is that the manager of port investment and management of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in Korea should introduce the SFA with DEA models for measuring the efficiency of Korean ports and terminals.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to select world top 20 major container terminals that belong to Korea and China as comparison units to analyze their efficiency and productivity trend. Super Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis(SE-DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index(MPI) models were applied to this study. Compared with previous studies, we narrowed down the scope of the comparison units to terminals and conducted more detailed analysis to present more meaningful implications to the actual operation. The different result from existing studies, SE-DEA analysis implied that the major terminals of Busan New Port showed similar efficiency and productivity with China's terminals. In MPI analysis, the average index of Korean and China's terminals is 1.051 and 1.049. The analysis indicates that the productivity was improved 5.1% and 4.9% annually. From 2012 to 2015, the average terminal TCI index of South Korea and China were 1.032 and 1.0318-the main factor which influences MPI. This means improving productivity mainly rely on investment in new equipment and technology upgrades rather than improve operational efficiency over the past few years. Future management decisions should consider more aggressive marketing to increase the volume and improve operational efficiency to enhance productivity. Further research should apply the overall efficiency of the methodology considering the financial diversification, terminal capacity, service levels, and other factors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 1990

The rapid increase in the freight movement in Korea demands the improvement of the freight transportation system both in quantity and in quality. In recent studies integrated freight terminals have been suggested as the most relevant physical facility that solves this problem. This paper is aiming at the efficiency of the freight transportation system in Korea via integrated freight terminals. We develop a mixed integer programming model to determine simultaneously the most efficient freight flow patterns as well as the optimal locations and sizes of the integrated freight terminal facilities. The results of the model implication is also presented.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.38 no.11
• /
• pp.936-940
• /
• 2015

Synapsins were the first presynaptic proteins identified and have served as the flagship of the presynaptic protein field. Here we review recent studies demonstrating that different members of the synapsin family play different roles at presynaptic terminals employing different types of synaptic vesicles. The structural underpinnings for these functions are just beginning to be understood and should provide a focus for future efforts.