• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2021

The mounting performance of the GFRP(Glass fiber Reinforced Plastic) beam and the mechanical mounting of the steel bracket was studied to be mounted as a GFRP impact beam on the side door of the passenger car. Moreover, an open-hole tensile test was performed to evaluate breakage tendency based on GFRP stacking conditions. Furthermore, the tightening strength of rivets and bolts was compared using the single lap-shear tension test for the GFRP stacking pattern. Additionally, the GFRP beam and bracket mounting features were designed; moreover, the prototype and bracket were assembled. Additionally, the bracket mounting bending test and the door assembly static bending test were performed to verify the stability of the bracket mounting. In the bracket fastening bending test, no breakage occurred in the connection part between the GFRP beam and the bracket, and it showed 67% (24.4 kN) improved performance compared to steel. In the static bending test of the door assembly, the initial average reaction force increased by 25% compared to the steel, and the performance of all FMVSS-214 regulations was satisfied. The replacement of GFRP impact beams resulted in a 30% weight reduction

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

Background: Both the rapid concentric and eccentric contractions during exercise repeatedly impose excessive stress on muscle tissue. The hamstring muscles are very susceptible to injury due to the tensile stress. Various interventions are currently being undertaken to prevent strain injury before exercise. Stretching is the most common method and is known to have a positive effect on flexibility and muscle performance. However, relatively few studies have investigated the potential negative factors of stretching. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in pain following the different intensity of the stretching and types of physical stress. Methods: The subjects were divided into three groups based on the intensity of stretching: 100% (S100), 75% (S75), and 50% (S50) of the measured force at the point of discomfort in static stretching and 100% (P100), 75% (P75), and 50% (P50) of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction in Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching. The pain individual subjects perceived after stretching was measured via a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and compared between the groups Results: Despite the decrease in the intensity of static stretching, no decrease in VAS value was observed. In PNF stretching, a significant decrease was observed at P50 compared to P100. S100 was significantly higher than P75 and P50. Conclusion: Previous studies have shown that PNF has a superior or the same effect on flexibility in comparison with static stretching. This effect was maintained even in moderate intensity. PNF stretching performed under moderate rather than high intensive static stretching, which causes pain and discomfort, might be recommended in clinical settings.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2019

Recently, lean duplex stainless steel, STS329FLD with less nickel (reduced to 0.5~1.5%) has been developed as a substitute of austenitic stainless steel (8%~10.5% nickel in STS304) and included in Korean standards (KS). This paper investigates the block shear behavior of cold-formed duplex stainless steel (STS329FLD, nominal plate thickness of 1.5mm) fillet-welded connection with base metal fracture. Main variables are weld lengths in the longitudinal and the transverse directions of applied force ranged from 20mm to 50mm. As a result, specimens failed by typical block shear facture (the combination of gross section tensile fracture and shear fracture or shear yielding) and ultimate strength of the specimens got higher with the increase of weld length. Block shear fracture strengths predicted by current design specifications (KBC2016/AISC2016 and EC3) and existing proposed equations for welded connections by Topkaya, Oosterhof & Driver and Lee et al. were compared with test strengths. KBC2016/AISC2016 and EC3 design specifications underestimated block shear strength of STS329FLD welded connections by on average 24%, 29%, respectively and Oosterhof & Driver, Topkaya and Lee et al's equations overestimated the ultimate strength of the welded connection by the range of 3% to 44%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2022

With the exploitation of natural resources in China, underground resource extraction and underground space development, as well as other engineering activities are increasing, resulting in the creation of many defective rocks. In this paper, uniaxial compression tests were performed on rocks with double holes and fractures at different angles using particle flow code (PFC2D) numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. The failure behavior and mechanical properties of rock samples with holes and fractures at different angles were analyzed. The failure modes of rock with defects at different angles were identified. The fracture propagation and stress evolution characteristics of rock with fractures at different angles were determined. The results reveal that compared to intact rocks, the peak stress, elastic modulus, peak strain, initiation stress, and damage stress of fractured rocks with different fracture angles around holes are lower. As the fracture angle increases, the gap in mechanical properties between the defective rock and the intact rock gradually decreased. In the force chain diagram, the compressive stress concentration range of the combined defect of cracks and holes starts to decrease, and the model is gradually destroyed as the tensile stress range gradually increases. When the peak stress is reached, the acoustic emission energy is highest and the rock undergoes brittle damage. Through a comparative study using laboratory tests, the results of laboratory real rocks and numerical simulation experiments were verified and the macroscopic failure characteristics of the real and simulated rocks were determined to be similar. This study can help us correctly understand the mechanical properties of rocks with defects and provide theoretical guidance for practical rock engineering.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2023

In this study, the mechanical properties of the Al-Mg-X (X=Cr, Si) alloy, which clearly showed the influence of the specimen and grain size, were investigated by changing the specimen size extensively. In addition, the effect on the specimen size, grain size and aging condition on the mechanical properties of the grain refining alloy according to the addition of Cr was clarified, and the relationship between these factors was studied. As the specimen size decreased, the yield stress decreased and the fracture elongation increased. This change was evident in alloys with coarse grain sizes. Through FEM analysis, it was confirmed that the plastic deformation was localized in the parallel part of specimen S2. Therefore, when designing a tensile specimen of plate material, the W/L balance should be considered along with the radius of curvature of the shoulder. In the case of under-aged materials of alloys with coarse grain size, the fracture pattern changed from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture as W/d decreased, and δ increased. This is due to the decrease in the binding force between grains due to the decrease in W. In the specimen with W/d > 40 or more, intergranular fracture occurred, and local elongation did not appear. Under-aged materials of alloys with fine grain size always had transgranular fracture over a wide range of W/d = 70~400. As W/d decreased, δ increased, but the change was not as large as that of alloys with coarse grain sizes. Compared to the under-aged material, the peak-aged material did not show significant dependence on the specimen size of σ_0.2 and δ.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2009

기존의 블록식 보강토옹벽의 경우 블록과 보강재 연결을 핀, 커텍터 등으로 연결하므로 전면부에 응력집중이 발생하여 블록의 균열이나 보강재 파단파괴가 발생할 수 있는 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 보강재의 침하를 허용하는 새로운 연결시스템을 개발하여 연구대상지역에 일반형 블록식 보강토옹벽 구간과 보강재 침하형 보강토옹벽 구간으로 나누어 시험시공을 실시하였다. 시공과정 및 이후의 현장계측결과 전면블록에 인접한 부분에서 최대인장력으로부터 구한 인장력비가 일반형 보다 침하형이 전면블록 전면부의 음력집중이 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Composites Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2009

이 논문은 형상기억합금 선재를 이용한 굽힘 작동기의 실험적인 설계방법을 다루고 있다. 제안된 굽힘 작동기는 유리섬유 프리프레그를 이용하여 만든 스트립, 스프링 그리고 형상기억합금 선재로 구성된다. 굽힘 작동기에서 스트립은 초기에 형상기억합금 선재에 초기하중을 가하기 위하여 굽힘 형태로 정되며, 스프링은 형상기억합금 선재가 작동 후 빠른 시간내에 초기 형상으로 돌아오기 위한 보조수단으로 사용된다. 먼저 형상기억합금 선재의 특성을 알아보기 위하여 시차주사열량계(DSC)를 이용한 실험, 여러 종류의 초기 하중을 가한 후 작동 성능 실험, 인장 시험, 온도 변화에 따른 기계적 거동을 조사하였다 이를 바탕으로 스트립, 스프링, 인가 전압에 의한 영향을 관찰하고 소모전력을 분석하여 굽힘 작동기를 설계하였다. 특정 조건을 갖는 굽힘 작동기는 낮은 소모전력으로 빠른 응답성능을 나다내었다.

• Composites Research
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2007

단섬유 강화고무의 관통 특성에 대해 섬유 종횡비(AR: 섬유 길이/섬유 직경), 섬유 함유량, 시편 크기 그리고 시험속도를 변수로 하여 연구하였다. 기지와 단섬유 강화고무의 관통 저항은 시편 크기의 증가에 따라 감소하였고, 동일한 시편 크기에서 시험 속도의 증가에 따라 관통 저항력은 증가하였다. 각각의 섬유 함유량에서 섬유 종횡비가 클수록 높은 관통응력 값을 보였다. 인장강도와 관통응력의 비교를 통해 시편 형상의 문제점에 대해 고찰하였다. 기지와 단섬유 강화고무의 막에 작용하는 힘은 시편의 크기에 관계없이 유사한 값을 보였고, 동일한 시편 크기에서 시험속도의 증가에 따라 증가하였다. 각각의 섬유함유량에서 섬유 종횡비가 클수록 막에 작용하는 힘은 크게 나타났다 전체적으로 시편 크기, 시험속도가 단섬유 강화고무의 관통 특성에 지대한 영향을 미침을 확인하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2023

Membrane separation is widely used for several applications such as water treatment, membrane reactors and climate change. Cross-linked organic-inorganic hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) / Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was adopted for the preparation of optimized hollow membrane (HFM) for membrane distillation or other low pressure separators for mechanical properties and permeability under varying pretreatment schemes. HFMs were prepared on semi-pilot membrane fabrication system. Novel adopted post-treatment schemes involved soaking in glycerol, magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and isopropanol for different durations. All fibers were characterized for morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface roughness using atomic force microscope (AFM), elemental composition by examining Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), water contact angle (CA°) and porosity. The performance of the fibers was evaluated for pure water permeation flux (PWF). Post-treatment with MgSO₄ gave the highest both tensile modulus and flux. Assessment of properties and performance revealed comparable results with other organic-inorganic separators, HF or flat. In spite of few reported data on post treatment using MgSO₄ in presence of TEOS, this proves the potential of low cost treatment without negative impact on other membrane properties. The flux is also comparable with hypochlorite which manifests substantial precaution requirements in actual industrial use.The relatively high values of flux/bar for sample treated with TEOS, post treated with MgSO₄ and hypochlorite are 88 and 82 LMH/bar respectively.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권6D호
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• pp.895-904
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• 2008

장대레일은 동절기에 중위온도 이하로 떨어져 레일의 인장파단에 의해 개구부가 발생할 수 있다. 레일 파단을 미리 감지 못하는 경우에 개구부에서 동적하중에 의해서 차륜과 레일의 파손이 발생할 수 있으며, 열차주행 안전성이 감소될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 개구부에서의 궤도와 차량의 동적거동 분석을 위해 레일 파단시 개구부에서의 궤도와 차량의 상호작용을 고려한 동적해석모델을 제안하였다. 궤도와 차량의 선형시스템은 비선형 헤르찌안 접촉 스프링에 의해 연성되었으며 전체 궤도-차량 시스템 운동방정식을 정식화하였다. 그리고 개구부에서의 상호작용 현상을 고려하여 궤도 불균일부의 함수를 정의하고 개구부에서의 전후방 레일 사이의 개구량을 고려하였다. 비선형 방정식을 풀기위해 동적해석은 $Newmark-{\beta}$ 방법에 의해 수행되었다. 그리고 차량속도, 개구량, 레일지지강성에 따른 매개변수에 대한 궤도-차량의 동적상호작용해석을 수행하였고 변수에 대한 영향을 분석하였다.