• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.97-121
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• 2015

In this research, we examine whether and why temporal distance influences evaluations of two different types of brand extensions: concept-based extensions, defined as extensions primarily based on the importance or relevance of brand concepts to extension products; and similarity-based extensions, defined as extensions primarily based on the amount of feature similarity at the product-category level. In Study 1, we test the hypothesis that concept-based extensions are evaluated more favorably when they are framed to launch in the distant rather than in the near future, whereas similaritybased extensions are evaluated more favorably when they are framed to launch in the near rather than in the distant future. In Study 2, we confirm that this time-dependent differential evaluation is driven by the difference in construal level between the bases of the two types of extensions - i.e., brand-concept consistency and product-category feature similarity. As such, we find that conceptbased extensions are evaluated more favorably under the abstract than concrete mindset, whereas similarity-based extensions are evaluated more favorably under the concrete than abstract mindset. In Study 3, we extend to the case for a broad brand (i.e., brands that market products across multiple categories), finding that making accessible a specific product category of a broad parent brand influences evaluations of near-future, but not distant-future, brand extensions. Combined together, our findings suggest that temporal distance influences brand extension evaluation through its effect on the importance placed on brand concepts and feature similarity. That is, consumers rely on different bases to evaluate brand extensions, depending on their perception of when the extensions take place and on under what mindset they are placed. This research makes theoretical contributions to the brand extension research by identifying one important determinant to brand extension evaluation and also uncovering its underlying dynamics. It also contributes to expanding the scope of the construal level theory by putting forth a novel interpretation of two bases of perceived fit in terms of construal level. Marketers who are about to launch and advertise brand extensions may benefit by considering temporal-distance information in determining what content to deliver about extensions in their communication efforts. Conceptual relation of a parent brand to extensions needs to be emphasized in the distant future, whereas feature similarity should be highlighted in the near future.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.145-150
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• 2014

Recent technical advances, such as chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with DNA microarrays (ChIp-chip) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq), have generated large quantities of high-throughput data. Considering that epigenomic datasets are arranged over chromosomes, their analysis must account for spatial or temporal characteristics. In that sense, simple clustering or classification methodologies are inadequate for the analysis of multi-track ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq data. Approaches that are based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) can integrate dependencies between directly adjacent measurements in the genome. Here, we review three HMM-based studies that have contributed to epigenetic research, from a computational perspective. We also give a brief tutorial on HMM modelling-targeted at bioinformaticians who are new to the field.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.13 no.3 s.34
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• pp.253-260
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution aspects of red tide using GIS techniques. The damage caused by red tide appears various aspects according to the species, concentration and spatial distribution of red tide plankton. Therefore, in order to prevent the damage of red tide it is important to understand the distribution characteristics of red tide by each species according to time and space. In this perspective, we analyzed the beginning outbreak area, spatial occurrence frequency and spatial migration of red tide. The spatial data used by this study was constructed by digitizing the red tide quick report and coupled with various attributes such as species, concentration and water temperature for construction of red tide database. We used various spatial analysis methods such as union, intersect, tracking, buffer and spatial interpolation for analyzing temporal and spatial characteristics of red tide. From the result of these spatial analyses, we could get the spatial information on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of red tide at the Southern Sea.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.7-36
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• 1996

Recebt neuropsychological studies on neurobiological bases of learning and memory in humans are reviewed. At present, cognitive psychologists belive that memory is not a unitary system. But copmosed of several independent subsystems. Adoption this perspective,this paper summarized findings regarding what kinds of memory discorders result from lesions of which brain areas and which brain areas are activated by what kind of learning/memory tasks. Short-term memory seems to involve widespread areas around the boundaries among the parietal,occipital,and temporal lobes,depending on the type of the type of the tasks and the way of presentation of the stimuli. Implicit memory,a subsystem of long-term memory,is not a unitary system itself. Thus,brain areas involved in implicit memory tasks used. It is well-known that medial temporal lobe is necessary for formation(i,e.,consolidation)of explicit memory,another subsystem of long-term memory. Storage and/or retrieval of episodic and semantic memory involve temporal neocortex. Perfromtal cortex seemas to be involved in several aspects of memory such as short term memory and retrieval of espisodic and semantic memory. Finally, a popular view on the locus of long-term memory storage is described.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 1999

Chemical oxygen demand (COD), phytoplankton cell number and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), sediment mean grain size and ignition loss were studied to determine their temporal trends in the study area. Historical data of COD, cell number and Chl-a were gathered from the late 1960s or early 1980s to 1997, and trends in temporal domain were obtained from a simple regression. Sediments for grain size and ignition loss (as organic contents in sediments) were sampled from the Chokchon macrotidal flat bimonthly from September 1990 to November 1996, and were analyzed using the decomposition method of time series analysis. In general, the first three data showed increasing trends based on regression analysis. The trends of sediment grain size fluctuated in a neutral pathway while those of ignition loss yielded no increasing pattern. In contrast with the suggestions from Ahn and Choi (1998) who reported a coarsening variation in sediment grain size to be a cause of the directional and remarkable changes of macrofaunal communities in this area, we could not find such a corresponding variation pattern from our samples. In diagnosing eutrophication, a paradoxical phenomenon was encountered between the trends in water column (COD, cell number and Chl-a) and sediment (ignition loss) data. In this paper, we inferred the possible processes that produce the discrepancy. Some explanations and biological responses to eutrophication were predicted and discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2023

To analyze the evolution of water resources in Qiandao Lake Basin under the condition of climate change, a WEP-L distributed hydrological model was established to simulate the water cycle process in the basin during 1960-2020. The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test method and Hurst index method were used to analyze the inter-annual variation and annual distribution characteristics of the total water resources in the basin. The multi-scale temporal and spatial distribution and evolution trend of water resources in Qiandao Lake Basin were evaluated. The results show that: (1) The WEP-L model has good simulation results in the Qiandao Lake basin, and the Nash coefficient rate is above 0.83 in the periodic period and above 0.85 in the verification period. (2) The water yield coefficient of the whole basin ranges from 0.436 to 0.630. The annual average total water resource is 12.25 billion m³, equivalent to 1176.4mm of water depth. The annual distribution process shows a unimodal structure, and the water depth of each sub-basin ranges from 742 mm to 1266 mm, and the spatial distribution is higher in the west and lower in the east. (3) The annual water resources series in the basin showed an insignificant upward trend, and the Hurst index was 0.86, indicating a continuous upward trend. From the perspective of monthly water resources, January and February increased significantly, the other months were not significant changes.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2024

Objectives : The Purpose of this study is to identify the anatomical correlates of the three Hand Yang meridians in the head (HYMH), i.e. the arteries of the head. Methods : The original text describing the HYMH in the Yellow Emperor's Inner Cannon is presented and translated into Korean. Anatomical literature related to the arteries of the head are reviewed to identify those that correspond to the HYMH. Results : Arteries corresponding to the HYMH are as follows: The Hand yangming large intestine meridian corresponds to the facial artery and the superior and inferior labial arteries. The Hand Taiyang small intestine meridian's first branch corresponds to the superficial temporal artery, the zygomatico-orbital artery, and the anterior auricular artery. The second branch corresponds to the transverse facial artery. The Hand Shaoyang triple energizer meridian's first branch corresponds to the posterior auricular artery, the superficial temporal artery, and the transverse facial artery. The second branch corresponds to the posterior auricular artery, the anterior auricular artery, and the zygomatico-orbital artery. Conclusions : The HYMH correspond as arteries, specifically branches of the external carotid artery. It is anticipated that arteries corresponding to other meridians in the head can also be identified.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2020

Natural drought is a three-dimensional phenomenon that simultaneously evolves in time and space. To evaluate the link between meteorological and hydrological droughts, we defined a drought event from a three-dimensional perspective and analyzed the propagation characteristics in time and spaces. Overall results indicated that 77 % of the total cases of spatio-temporal droughts was propagated based on the single category relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought events, while 23 % was affected by multiple meteorological drought events to the occurrence of hydrological drougts. Especially, it turned out that the hydrological drought was caused by the spatio-temporal effects of the propagation of four meteorological drought events generated due to long-term lack of precipitation in 1994-1995. In addition, the meteorological drought caused by the lack of precipitation in the summer of 2001 lasted for several months, and was propagated to the hydrological drought in April 2002.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.307-313
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to suggest a research for hotels' expected service quality which influences reservation intention of hotel services. And we checked that these relations are formed by mediating of customer value on the basis of temporal construal theory. The result of our studies is as follows: 1) An abstract hotels' expected service quality(a concrete hotels' expected service quality) influence more on the customer's the social psychological value(the functional value) than the functional value(the social psychological value). 2) The customer's functional value(the social psychological value) influence more on the reservation intention of hotel service near(distant) in time than distant(near) in time. This research provides a theoretical-practical implications to the marketing staffs like packaging designers as well as scholars to study hotel services.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.4 no.10
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• pp.473-478
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• 2015

Recently, automatic video monitoring of individual pigs is emerging as an important issue in the management of group-housed pigs. Although a rich variety of studies have been reported on video monitoring techniques in intensive pig farming, it still requires further elaboration. In particular, when there exist adjoining pigs in a crowd pig room, it is necessary to have a way of separating adjoining pigs from the perspective of an image processing technique. In this paper, we propose an efficient image segmentation solution using both spatio-temporal information and region growing method for the identification of individual pigs in video surveillance systems. The experimental results with the videos obtained from a pig farm located in Sejong illustrated the efficiency of the proposed method.