• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.46
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• pp.107-128
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• 2017

Time is an indispensable element in creating a story. This makes comics artists use various time techniques such as prolepsis, summary, ellipsis and flashback to increase immersion in story when they create comics. This is intended to make a study on retrospective structure among various temporal structures. Retrospective structure means progress in different time sequence, and increases immersion by making readers become strained or relaxed. Besides, retrospective structure plays a role of increasing or decreasing the pace of story. The person who systematically put the retrospective structure into shape is $G\acute{e}rard$ Genette. He in his book "Narrative Discourse" classified retrospective structure into three types. These are made up of structure of analepse externes, analepse internes and analepse mixted. This makes a study on retrospective structure in narrative comics based on $G\acute{e}rard$ Genette's retrospective structure. To this end, Kang Full's webtoon was analyzed. The reason to analyze Kang Full's is that this work has storyline where things happening in parental generation is interwined with things in offspring generation, accordingly this is work suitable for studying the retrospective structure. This study is intended to examine whether three retrospective structures suggested by $G\acute{e}rard$ Genette are actually used through an analysis of , and as a result, it is intended to prove the fact that retrospective structure has an effect on immersion in work.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-25
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• 2008

This study, from a temporal standpoint, seeks to validate the relationship between prior shopping experience, a pre-experiential construct, and impulsive/planned purchase intentions, a post-experience construct, based on strategic experiential module advocated by Schmitt (1999) by focusing on three key variables--prior shopping experience, on-site experiences, and emotional response to store atmosphere. Also, from a spatial standpoint, the study aims to valiadate the relationship between emotional response to store atmosphere and impulsive purchase intentions across three retail store types--department store, discount store, and internet store. Specific research purposes and findings are as follows. First, it was found that regardless of the degree of prior shopping, discount store and internet shoppers preferred cognitive shopping experience to emotional experience. Second, emotional shopping experience significantly influenced impulsive purchase intention, whereas cognitive shopping experience influenced planned purchase intention. Third, for discount store shoppers only did the interior colour serve as a positive moderator between emotional shopping experience and impulsive buying intention, while merchandise display served as a negative moderator.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2007

The cases of drunk driving accidents have been steadily increasing every year. The number of accidents was quadrupled from 7,303 cases in 1990 to 25,150 cases in 2004. In addition, the proportion of drunk driving accidents to total traffic accidents was 2.9% in 1990 but it increased to 13.0% in 2003. Studies of drunk driving accidents have been focusing on analyzing psychological decisive factors, classifying drivers' individual characters and types of drunk driving accidents by considering the location of drunk driving accidents. This study assumed that drunk driving accidents would have regular characteristics in respect to spatiality and analyzed its relation with spatial factors such as, accident black spot, the location of bars, the distance of drivers' houses, and spatio-temporal distributional characteristics through drawing density distribution and connecting the time of accidents. In order to achieve the goal of this study, the individual location information was organized and drawn as types of GIS data. From the result of density distribution using Kernel Density Mapping and analysis through the coefficient of areal correspondence, it was understood that drunk driving accidents correlates with some spatial factors.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 2016

This study aimed to understand the importance of applying finishing materials into interior space, and to add meaning to the creation of functional space, associated interior finishing materials with brain science. To achieve this purpose, brainwave(EEG) experiment was conducted. The brainwave appearing when sensing the surface of interior finishing materials with hands was measured. The locations of the electrode were FP1, FP2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, T6, CZ, FZ, and PZ and in addition to these, AFZ was added. Eight(8) kinds of finishing materials: metallic material, film paper, lumbar, stone, glass, silk wallpaper, fabric, and paint were used to measure '${\alpha}$-wave against ${\beta}$ wave.' As a result, it was found that the most activated finishing material in term of relaxation was film paper, followed by metallic, glass, paint, fabric, stone, lumbar, and silk wallpaper. To explain in light of this, (1) '${\alpha}$-wave against ${\beta}$ wave' was the most activated at ch1-FP1 and ch2-FP2, and at ch17-AFZ and ch19-FZ, which indicated that metopic-prefrontal lobe showed the highest activation in relaxation. Film paper, among the finishing materials, showed the highest increase in relaxation. (2) In general, '${\alpha}$-wave against ${\beta}$ wave' relaxation was inhibited at ch13-T3 and ch14-T4, and at ch15-T5 and ch16-T6 and the arousal in the temporal lobe was prominent. Silk wallpaper, among the finishing materials, showed the highest arounsal effect. As a result of measuring the superficial touch on the silk wallpaper, which was regarded as the most rough material among the eight finishing materials, the arousal effect of ${\alpha}$-wave against ${\beta}$-wave, among the brainwave characteristics, was found to be the highest. (3) to judge from the scope of this experiment regarding the tactile sensation over the finishing materials, it is considered that the brainwave reaction sometimes appeared contrastive depending on whether the surface was smooth or rough and there also appeared a difference in relaxation and arousal reaction of the brainwave depending on whether the surface was hot or cold, but the sensation on the surface texture was often evaluated differently depending on who you were. For this reason, this study has some limitations.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 2015

The phenomenon of international migration since the 1980s comes to be born 'multi-cultural families support law' due to the foreign workers' inflow into labor market and to a rise in married female immigrants caused by globalization and diversification. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine who are participants? given being led to the enactment of 'multi-cultural families support law' by which the social issue called multi-cultural family is highlighted as the public agenda. Also, the mobilization will be selected and explained among three types in mobilization model, outside initiative model, and inside access model in the process of driving by confirming it as the government's formal agenda out of social issues. With having the case characteristics in mind, the aim is to research by choosing a case analysis method that uses research theses & books, newspaper, daily newspaper, election pledges, civic group, internet, and seminar data based on the existing theory and model. The temporal scope is limited to the one from the time as saying "revise the Overseas Korean Act of opposing the banishment of migrant workers" in November 2003 to February 2008 when 'multi-cultural families support bill(alternative plan)' is legislated with agreement by the 7th plenary session for the 271th provisional session of the National Assembly.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-29
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• 2018

This study presented evaluation procedure for selecting appropriate GCMs and downscaling method by focusing on the climate extreme indices suitable for climate change adaptation. The procedure includes six stages of processes as follows: 1) exclusion of unsuitable GCM through raw GCM analysis before bias correction; 2) calculation of the climate extreme indices and selection of downscaling method by evaluating reproducibility for the past and distortion rate for the future period; 3) selection of downscaling method based on evaluation of reproducibility of spatial correlation among weather stations; and 4) MME calculation using weight factors and evaluation of uncertainty range depending on number of GCMs. The presented procedure was applied to 60 weather stations where there are observed data for the past 30 year period on Korea Peninsula. First, 22 GCMs were selected through the evaluation of the spatio-temporal reproducibility of 29 GCMs. Between Simple Quantile Mapping (SQM) and Spatial Disaggregation Quantile Delta Mapping (SDQDM) methods, SQM was selected based on the reproducibility of 27 climate extreme indices for the past and reproducibility evaluation of spatial correlation in precipitation and temperature. Total precipitation (prcptot) and annual 1-day maximum precipitation (rx1day), which is respectively related to water supply and floods, were selected and MME-based future projections were estimated for near-future (2010-2039), the mid-future (2040-2069), and the far-future (2070-2099) based on the weight factors by GCM. The prcptot and rx1day increased as time goes farther from the near-future to the far-future and RCP 8.5 showed a higher rate of increase in both indices compared to RCP 4.5 scenario. It was also found that use of 20 GCM out of 22 explains 80% of the overall variation in all combinations of RCP scenarios and future periods. The result of this study is an example of an application in Korea Peninsula and APCC Integrated Modeling Solution (AIMS) can be utilized in various areas and fields if users want to apply the proposed procedure directly to a target area.

• 동북아역사논총
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• no.59
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• pp.150-186
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• 2018

This paper explains what Japanese progressive liberalism was in postwar Japan by clarifying Maruyama Masao's "Cold War Liberalism," focusing especially on his realism and nationalism searching for "democracy" and "peace" in the context of the early Cold War Japan. Maruyama's Cold War liberalism can be grasped from two perspectives: how the Cold War defined his liberalism and how Maruyama interpreted the Cold War as a liberalist in postwar Japan. The liberal interpretation of the Cold War captures the spatial manifestations of liberalism in the Cold War while Cold War liberalism was to grasp the temporal succession of modern Japan. Maruyama revealed his liberal thinking by combining it to his idea of nationalism and realism. He was concerned about the reshaping of the fascist atmosphere provoked by anti-communism emerging from 186 | 동북아역사논총 59호the Cold War confrontation structure. He sought "neutrality" and "peace" to overcome the so-called "two worlds" of the Cold War. And he stressed the importance of "fair judgment" and "autonomous association" to restrain the fascistic atmosphere in postwar Japan. For Maruyama, subjectivity aimed at the concept of "nation" rather than "citizen," and nationalism was a condition for "democracy" and "peace" in postwar Japan. Maruyama's critical liberalism worked through nationalism and realism.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_4
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• pp.1545-1553
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• 2018

Recent eruptive activity at Kīlauea Volcano started on at the end of April in 2018 showed rapid ground deflation between May and June in 2018. On summit area Halema'uma'u lava lake continued to drop at high speed and Kīlauea's summit continued to deflate. GPS receivers and electronic tiltmeters detected the surface deformation greater than 2 meters. We explored the time-series surface deformation at Kīlauea Volcano, focusing on the early stage of eruptive activity, using multi-temporal COSMO-SkyMed SAR imagery. The observed maximum deformation in line-of-sight (LOS) direction was about -1.5 meter, and it indicates approximately -1.9 meter in subsiding direction by applying incidence angle. The results showed that summit began to deflate just after the event started and most of deformation occurred between early May and the end of June. Moreover, we confirmed that summit's deflation rarely happened since July 2018, which means volcanic activity entered a stable stage. The best-fit magma source model based on time-series surface deformation demonstrated that magma chambers were lying at depths between 2-3 km, and it showed a deepening trend in time. Along with the change of source depth, the center of each magma model moved toward the southwest according to the time. These results have a potential risk of including bias coming from single track observation. Therefore, to complement the initial results, we need to generate precise magma source model based on three-dimensional measurements in further research.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2018

Teachers are not completed by appointment, but gradually made through self-development and training for a long time. In order to improve a sense of responsibility of home economics teachers, and also to suggest the purpose and direction of program through job training, the needs of training subjects should be preferentially understood. Thus, this study aims to provide basic data for establishing the developmental operation measures of training for home economics teachers, by researching the needs for training performed after the qualification training for first-grade teachers, targeting the teachers participating in the qualification training program for first-grade teachers of home economics in 2017. About the half of the research subjects received the home economics training one time or less for last three years. Through the training for first-grade teachers, the technical improvement of lesson instruction was demanded the most. As professional qualifications that should be cultivated through training, the ability to develop teaching methods and teaching/learning materials was the highest. Regarding the theme of training, the development of teaching/learning materials for home economics was desired the most. They wanted the training method including direct participation with high utilization for lesson, sublation of competition-centered evaluation, preference of instructors with field experience, continuous opportunity of home economics training, and communicative training. Regarding the needs for the 2015 revised curriculum, the demand for the training of 'human development and family' area was the highest. Therefore, in order to improve the professionalism of teachers through home economics training, it would be necessary to improve the educational environment such as temporal room for training and administrative support, and also to provide diverse types of training like group training, remote training, and smartphone app training suitable for changes in the generation of teachers. Also, on top of forming communities of home economics teachers, and sharing great contents of training, there should be individually-customized training for practice and sharing lesson cases.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.214-226
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• 2013

To understand the changing patterns in phytoplankton communities, we conducted 12 surveys along the Nakdong River, its estuary, and adjacent coastal areas between January 2011 and October 2012 (during the period of barrage construction and sediment dredging). Monthly precipitation ranged from 0 to 502 mm during the survey period, and salinity ranged between 0.1 psu and 0.3 psu in the Nakdong River, regardless of the depth, indicating no seawater influence, while salinity showed large seasonal fluctuations in the estuarine and coastal station, ranging from 0.1 psu to 34.8 psu. A total of 402 phytoplankton species were identified, 178 species from the river and 331 species from the estuary and coastal areas. Phytoplankton standing crop increased in 2012 compared to that in 2011, and was found to be highest in the river, followed by the estuary and coastal areas. Among the top 20 species in frequency of occurrence and dominance, Stephanodiscus spp., Aulacoseira granulata, and Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were important species along the river-estuary-coastal areas. Diatoms were the major taxonomic group inhabiting the Nakdong river-estuary-coastal areas. A comparison of seasonal dominant phytoplankton species revealed a slight decrease over the years, from 13 species in 2011 to 10 species in 2012. However, no significant difference was found in the diversity of phytoplankton species between the two survey years, although lightly greater diversity was observed in the coastal areas than in the river and estuary. Cluster analysis with community composition data revealed that the community structure varied significantly in 2011 depending on the time of survey, while in 2012, it hardly showed any variation and was simpler. An increase in the phytoplankton standing crop, fewer dominant species, and simpler community structure in 2012 compared to those in 2011 are probably due to the rapid environmental changes along the Nakdong River. To investigate these ecological relationships, it is necessary to conduct further studies focusing on integrated analyses of biocenosis, including phytoplankton with respect to the changes in nutrient distribution, variation of freshwater discharge, and effect area of freshwater in the Nakdong estuary and adjacent coastal areas.