• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.1558-1564
• /
• 2015

Cutaneous evaporative heat loss in Bos indicus and Bos taurus has been well documented. Nonetheless, how crossbreds with different fractional genetic proportions respond to such circumstances is of interest. A study to examine the physiological responses to cutaneous evaporative heat loss, also lactation period and milk yield, were conducted in Sahiwal (Bos indicus, n = 10, $444{\pm}64.8kg$, $9{\pm}2.9years$), Holstein Friesian (Bos taurus, HF100% (n = 10, $488{\pm}97.9kg$, $6{\pm}2.8years$)) and the following crossbreds: HF50% (n = 10, $355{\pm}40.7kg$, $2{\pm}0years$) and HF87.5% (n = 10, $489{\pm}76.8kg$, $7{\pm}1.8years$). They were allocated so as to determine the physiological responses of sweating rate (SR), respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and skin temperature (ST) with and without hair from 06:00 h am to 15:00 h pm. And milk yield during 180 days were collected at days from 30 to 180. The ambient temperature-humidity-index (THI) increased from less than 80 in the early morning to more than 90 in the late afternoon. The interaction of THI and breed were highly affected on SR, RR, RT, and ST (p<0.01). The SR was highest in Sahiwal ($595g/m^2/h$) compared to HF100% ($227g/m^2/h$), and their crossbreds both HF50% ($335g/m^2/h$) and HF87.5% ($299g/m^2/h$). On the other hand, RR was higher in HF87.5% (54 bpm) and both HF100% (48 bpm) and HF50% (42 bpm) than Sahiwal (25 bpm) (p<0.01). The RT showed no significant differences as a result of breed (p>0.05) but did change over time. The ST with and without hair were similar, and was higher in HF100% ($37.4^{\circ}C$; $38.0^{\circ}C$) and their crossbred HF50% ($35.5^{\circ}C$; $35.5^{\circ}C$) and HF87.5% ($37.1^{\circ}C$; $37.9^{\circ}C$) than Sahiwal ($34.8^{\circ}C$; $34.8^{\circ}C$) (p<0.01). Moreover, the early lactation were higher at HF100% (25 kg) and 87.5% (25 kg) than HF50% (23 kg) which were higher than Sahiwal (18 kg) while the peak period of lactation was higher at HF100% (35 kg) than crossbreds both HF87.5% and HF50% (32 kg) which was higher than Sahiwal (26 kg) (p<0.05). In conclusion, sweating and respiration were the main vehicle for dissipating excess body heat for Sahiwal, HF and crossbreds, respectively. The THI at 76 to 80 were the critical points where the physiological responses to elevated temperature displayed change.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.10
• /
• pp.1396-1404
• /
• 2017

Objective: This study was determined the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of cattle with decreasing dietary net energy value of the diet for maintenance ($NE_m$) from 2.22 to 2.10 Mcal/kg. Methods: Eighty crossbred beef steers ($298.2{\pm}6.3kg$) were used in a 152-d performance evaluation consisting of a 28-d adaptation period followed by a 124-d growing-finishing period. During the 124-d period steers were fed either a lesser energy dense (LED, $2.10Mcal/kg\;NE_m$) or higher energy dense (HED, $2.22Mcal/kg\;NE_m$) diet. Diets were fed with or without 28 mg/kg (dry matter [DM] basis) virginiamycin in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Four Holstein steers ($170.4{\pm}5.6kg$) with cannulas in the rumen (3.8 cm internal diameter) and proximal duodenum were used in $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment to study treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Results: Neither diet energy density nor virginiamycin affected average daily gain (p>0.10). As expected, dry matter intake and gain efficiency were greater (p<0.01) for LED- than for HED-fed steers. Virginiamycin did not affect estimated net energy value of the LED diet. Virginiamycin increased estimated NE of the HED diet. During daylight hours when the temperature humidity index averaged $81.3{\pm}2.7$, virginiamycin decreased (p<0.05) ruminal temperature. Virginiamycin did not influence (p>0.10) ruminal or total tract digestion. Ruminal (p = 0.02) and total tract digestion (p<0.01) of organic matter, and digestible energy (p<0.01) were greater for HED vs LED. Ruminal microbial efficiency was lower (p<0.01) for HED vs LED diets. Conclusion: The positive effect of virginiamycin on growth performance of cattle is due to increased efficiency of energy utilization, as effects of virginiamycin on characteristics of digestion were not appreciable. Under conditions of high ambient temperature virginiamycin may reduce body temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2017

In order to analyze the effect of street trees on human thermal sensation(thermal comfort) in summer, microclimatic data were measured and analyzed at sunny and shaded locations of two deciduous broadleaf and three broadleaf evergreen species of street trees. As a result, the mean differences by species in air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were small: $0.2{\sim}1.5^{\circ}C$, 0.9~5.3% and $0.1{\sim}0.5 ms^{-1}$, respectively, but the mean difference in the mean radiant temperature was great, $27.1^{\circ}C$. In the results of physiological equivalent temperature(PET) and universal thermal climate index(UTCI), which are human thermal sensation(thermal comfort) indexes, the shaded locations by the trees showed mean reduction rates of 21.2~31.3% in the PET compared with the sunny location, which are equivalent to 1.5~2.5 levels of thermal perception. Also, 12.7~20.0% in the UTCI was reduced by the trees' shadows, which is equivalent to 1~1.5 levels of heat stress. In addition, although the broadleaf evergreen trees had 5% greater mean reduction in PET than that of the deciduous broadleaf trees, the Zelkova serrata that belonged to the deciduous broadleaf trees showed the equivalent thermal reduction effect as the broadleaf evergreen trees because of the high density of branches and leaves. Therefore, the mean radiant temperature and the density of the crown(branches and leaves) were the main influences in thermal modification by these street trees in summer.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.365-371
• /
• 2007

To evaluate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in children, We conducted a longitudinal study in which children were asked to record their daily levels of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate(PEFR) using potable peak flow meter(mini-Wright) for 4 weeks. The relationship between daily PEFR and ambient air particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age in year, weight, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and relative humidity as an extraneous variable. The daily mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ over the study period were $64.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $46.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The range of daily measured PEFR in this study was $182{\sim}481\;l/min$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average $PM_{10}(or\;PM_{2.5})$ levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including sex, weight, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of air particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. We estimated that the IQR increment of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ were associated with 1.5 l/min (95% Confidence intervals -3.1, 0.1) and 0.8 l/min(95% CI -1.8, 0.1) decline in PEFR. Even though this study showed negative findings on the relationship between respiratory function and air particles, it was worth noting that the findings must be interpreted cautiously because exposure measurement based on monitoring of ambient air likely resulted in misclassification of true exposure levels and this was the first Korean study that $PM_{2.5}$ measurement was applied as an index of air quality.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2001

BP neural network model and multiple-regression model were composed for forecasting the special-days load. Special-days load was forecasted using that neural network model made use of pattern conversion ratio and multiple-regression made use of weekday-change ratio. This methods identified the suitable as that special-days load of short and long term was forecasted with the weekly average percentage error of 1∼2[%] in the weekly peak load forecasting model using pattern conversion ratio. But this methods were hard with special-days load forecasting of summertime. therefore it was forecasted with the multiple-regression models. This models were used to the weekday-change ratio, and the temperature-humidity and discomfort-index as explanatory variable. This methods identified the suitable as that compared forecasting result of weekday load with forecasting result of special-days load because months average percentage error was alike. And, the fit of the presented forecast models using statistical tests had been proved. Big difficult problem of peak load forecasting had been solved that because identified the fit of the methods of special-days load forecasting in the paper presented.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.4195-4205
• /
• 1976

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the existing methods for calculating or estimating the consumptive use (Evaportranspiration) of any agricutural development project area. In determing the consumptive use water in the project area, there will require the best way for estimating irrigation requirement. Many methods for computing the evaportranspiration have been used, each of them with its merits and demerits at home and abroad. Some of these methods are listed as follows: 1.The Penman's formula 2.The B1aney-Criddle method 3.The Munson P.E. Index method 4.The Atmometer method 5.The Texas Water Rights Commission (TWRC) method 6.The Jensen-Haise method 7.The Christiasen method Therefore, the authors will introduce the more widely used method for calculating Consumptive Use by G.H. Hargreaves. The formula is expressed in the form Ep= K·d·T (1.0-0.01·Hn) Hn=1.0+0.4H+0.005H2. This method was adopted for the first time to determine the Irrigation requirements of Ogseo Comprehensive Agricultual Development project (Benefited area:100,500ha) in Korea. This method is presented in somewhat greater detail than the others. Formula is given for the computation of evaportranspiration (with various levels of data availability) Sampel computation of irrigation requirements for Ogseo irrigation project is included. The results and applied materials are summarized as follows. 1. In calculating the Hargreaves formula, the mean temperature relative, humidity, length of day, and percentage of sunshine from three stations of Iri, Jeonju, and Gunsan were used. 2. Monthly evaporation values were calculated by using the formula. 3. Meteological data from the three stations records for the ten years (1963∼1972) were used. 4. The annual irrigation requirements is 1,186mm per hectare, but the case to consider effective rainfall amount takes the annual irrigation demand being 700mm per hectare.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.660-664
• /
• 2003

An attempt was made to evaluate the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing 17.5% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from paragrass, paragrass+cassava chips and corn silages on the performance of dairy cows in the tropics. Experimental dietary treatments contained a similar content of total NDF, total non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein and energy. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 79.1-80.6 and 66.8-68.6, respectively. Among silage sources, there were no differences (p>0.05) in concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and butyric acid was undetectable. Concentration of lactic acid was higher (p<0.01) in corn silage but its pH was lower (p<0.01) than in paragrass and paragrass+cassava silages. Dairy cows on TMR containing corn silage not only gained more weight (161 and 46 vs. -189 g/d) but also consumed more feed (18.47, 15.84 and 14.49 kg/d), and produced more milk (23.89, 22.03 and 20.83 kg/d), 4% fat corrected milk (25.47, 24.05 and 22.02 kg/d), solids-not-fat (1.99, 18.3 and 1.73 kg/d) and total solid (3.10, 2.85 and 2.64 kg/d) compared with those on TMR containing paragrass+cassava and paragrass silages, respectively (p<0.01). Dairy cows on TMR containing paragrass+cassava silage were better in these respects (p<0.01). These results suggest that in formulating diets on an equal NDF basis for different forage qualities, diets higher in forage quality can stimulate higher DMI for dairy cows in the tropics and thus improve productivity.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.7-17
• /
• 2009

Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the impact of potential future climate change on the water cycle and soil loss of the Daecheong reservoir watershed. A sensitivity analysis using influence coefficient method was conducted for two selected hydrological input parameters and three selected sediment input parameters to identify the most to the least sensitive parameters. A further detailed sensitivity analysis was performed for the parameters: Manning coefficient for channel (Cn), evaporation (ESCO), and sediment concentration in lateral (LAT_SED), support practice factor (USLA_P). Calibration and verification of SWAT were performed on monthly basis for 1993~2006 and 1977~1991, respectively. The model efficiency index (EI) and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) computed for the monthly comparisons of runoffs were 0.78 and 0.76 for the calibration period, and 0.58 and 0.65 for the verification period. The results showed that the hydrological cycle in the watershed is very sensitive to climate factors. A doubling of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations was predicted to result in an average annual flow increase of 27.9% and annual sediment yield increase of 23.3%. Essentially linear impacts were predicted between two precipitation change scenarios of -20, and 20%, which resulted in average annual flow and sediment yield changes at Okcheon of -53.8%, 63.0% and -55.3%, 65.8%, respectively. An average annual flow increase of 46.3% and annual sediment yield increase of 36.4% was estimated for a constant humidity increase 5%. An average annual flow decrease of 9.6% and annual sediment yield increase of 216.4% was estimated for a constant temperature increase $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2005

This survey was performed to measure concentrations of airborne microbes, utilizing the six-stage cascade air sampler, according to the sampling site and time in the general hospital and to evaluate the degree of correlations between airborne microbes and environmental factors. Besides the main lobby, airborne microbes and environmental factors were not significantly different between the forenoon(9:00-10:00 AM) and afternoon(2:00-3:00 PM). Concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were 404 and $156CFU/m^3$ in the main lobby, 188 and $56CFU/m^3$ in the intensive care unit, 323 and $96CFU/m^3$ in the ward, 239 and $127CFU/m^3$ in the laboratory, and 139 and $33CFU/m^3$ in the newborn baby room, respectively. As a result, the level of airborne microbes was significantly highest in the main lobby and lowest in the newborn baby room(p<0.05). Outdoor airborne microbes concentrations were significantly lower than those of the sampling sites in the general hospital except for the newborn baby room(p>0.05). It was observed that temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide in the general hospital had generally positive correlation with airborne microbes. However, there was no correlation between the odor index level and airborne microbes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2018

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of heat stress on milk protein and blood amino acid profile in dairy cows. Methods: Twelve dairy cows with the similar parity, days in milk and milk yield were randomly divided into two groups with six cows raised in summer and others in autumn, respectively. Constant managerial conditions and diets were maintained during the experiment. Measurements and samples for heat stress and no heat stress were obtained according to the physical alterations of the temperature-humidity index. Results: Results showed that heat stress significantly reduced the milk protein content (p<0.05). Heat stress tended to decrease milk yield (p = 0.09). Furthermore, heat stress decreased dry matter intake, the concentration of blood glucose and insulin, and glutathione peroxidase activity, while increased levels of non-esterified fatty acid and malondialdehyde (p<0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of blood Thr involved in immune response were increased under heat stress (p<0.05). The concentration of blood Ala, Glu, Asp, and Gly, associated with gluconeogenesis, were also increased under heat stress (p<0.05). However, the concentration of blood Lys that promotes milk protein synthesis was decreased under heat stress (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study revealed that more amino acids were required for maintenance but not for milk protein synthesis under heat stress, and the decreased availability of amino acids for milk protein synthesis may be attributed to competition of immune response and gluconeogenesis.