• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 1997

A spray-wall impingement model for fuel sprays is proposed and implemented as a module into the KIVA-POSTECH code. The model is based on the single droplet experiments. The droplet behaviors after impingement are determined from experimental correlations. Different behaviors of impinged droplets depend on the wall temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Fuel film formation is taken into account so that the model can be applicable to any wall temperature and injection conditions. Computational results on a normal and on inclined wall are in good agreement for the spray shape and penetration. More validation against experiments and development of the heat transfer model are needed for further improvement.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1012-1017
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• 2005

게맛살로부터 분리한 주요 부패세균은 내열성 포자를 형성하는 Bacillus subtilis와 Bacillus licheniformis로 동정되었다. 게맛살의 제조 공정상 가열 처리 과정에서 B. subtilis와 B. Licheniformis 등 내열성 포자를 형성하는 균을 완전히 사멸시키기는 어려우며, 살아남은 포자는 유통과정 중, 적정 온도와 시간이 경과함에 따라, 영향 세포로 발아하여 게맛살의 부패에 영향을 미친다. 이러한 부패세균의 증식에 있어서 초기균수와 온도의 영향을 조사한 결과, 초기균수에 따른 최대증식속도상수(k)와 유도기(LT), 세대시간(GT)은 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 온도의 영향이 지배적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 실험에서 유도기(LT)와 온도의 관계는 $L(hr)=2.5219e^{-0.2467{\cdot}T}$의 관계가 성립하며, square root model과 polynomial model을 이용, 온도와 초기균수에 대한 최대증식속도상수(k)를 정량화한 정량평가모델을 개발하였으며, 그 식은 다음과 같다. $$Square\;root\;model:\;{\sqrt{k}}=0.0267\;(T-3.5089)$$ $$Polynomial model:\;k=-0.2160+0.0241T-0.01999A_0$$ 온도와 초기균수에 대한 최대증식속도상수(k)의 정량평가모델로부터 특정온도와 초기 균수에서 최대증식속도상수(k)를 계산할 수 있으며, 계산된 최대증식속도상수(k)를 균의 기본 증식 모델인 Gomperz model에 적용하여 균의 성장을 예측할 수 있었다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.189-199
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• 2024

To properly extract the strain components under varying operational conditions is very important in bridge health monitoring. The abnormal sensor readings can be correctly identified and the expected operational performance of the bridge can be better understood if each strain components can be accurately quantified. In this study, strain components under varying load conditions, i.e., temperature variation and live-load variation are evaluated based on field strain measurements collected from a real concrete box-girder bridge. Temperature-induced strain is mainly regarded as the trend variation along with the ambient temperature, thus a smoothing technique based on the wavelet packet decomposition method is proposed to estimate the temperature-induced strain. However, how to effectively extract the vehicle-induced strain is always troublesome because conventional threshold setting-based methods cease to function: if the threshold is set too large, the minor response will be ignored, and if too small, noise will be introduced. Therefore, an autoencoder framework is proposed to evaluate the vehicle-induced strain. After the elimination of temperature and vehicle-induced strain, the left of which, defined as the model error, is used to assess the operational performance of the bridge. As empirical techniques fail to detect the degraded state of the structure, a clustering technique based on Gaussian Mixture Model is employed to identify the damage occurrence and the validity is verified in a simulation study.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2019

In order to study the mechanical properties of rock salt, triaxial compression tests under different temperatures and confining pressure are carried out on rock salt specimens, the influence of temperature and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of rock salt was studied. The results show that the temperature has a deteriorative effect on the mechanical properties of rock salt. With the increase of temperature, the peak stress of rock salt decreases visibly; the plastic deformation characteristics become much obvious; the internal friction angle increases; while the cohesion strength decreases. With the increase of confining pressure, the peak stress and peak strain of rock salt will increase under the same temperature. Based on the test data, the Duncan-Chang constitutive model was modified, and the modified Duncan-Chang rock salt constitutive model considering the effect of temperature and confining pressure was established. The stress-strain curve calculated by the modified model was compared with the stress-strain curve obtained from the test. The close match between the test results and the model prediction suggests that the modified Duncan-Chang constitutive model is accurate in describing the behavior of rock slat under different confining pressure and temperature conditions.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

Experimental isotherm compressive tests show that concrete behaviour is dependent on temperature. The aim of such tests is to reproduce how concrete will behave under environmental changes within a moderate range of temperature. In this paper, a novel constitutive elastic damage behaviour law is proposed based on a free energy with an apparent damage depending on temperature. The proposed constitutive behaviour leads to classical theory of thermo-elasticity at small strains. Fixed elastic mechanical characteristics and fixed evolution law of damage independent of temperature and the material volume element size are considered. This approach is applied to compressive tests. The model predicts compressive strength and secant modulus of elasticity decrease as temperature increases. A power scaling law is assumed for specific entropy as function of the specimen size which leads to a volume size effect on the stress-strain compressive behaviour. The proposed model reproduces theoretical and experimental results from literature for tempertaures ranging between $20^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$. The effect of the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the mortar and coarse aggregates is also considered which gives a better agreement with FIB recommendations. It is shown that this effect is of a second order in the considered moderate range of temperature.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 다양한 혼화재의 치환과 양생온도를 고려한 콘크리트의 압축강도 발현을 평가할 수 있는 단순모델의 제시이다. 이를 위해 ACI 209의 포물선 식을 성숙도 함수를 기반으로 하여 수정하였으며, 압축강도 발현 상수 A, B 그리고 재령 28일 압축강도는 264개의 기존 실험결과들의 회귀분석으로부터 결정하였다. 제시된 모델의 검증을 위하여 혼화재 치환과 양생온도를 변수로 3그룹의 실험을 수행하였다. 콘크리트의 28일 압축강도는 양생온도가 표준양생온도(20도시)보다 높을수록 또는 낮을수록 감소하였다. 초기 재령3일동안 표준온도에서 양생을 한 콘크리트의 압축강도 발현은 그 이후 양생온도 변화에 영향을 거의 받지 않았다. 제안된 모델의 예측값과 실험값의 비의 평균과 표준편차는 각각 1.00와 0.08로서 실험결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2012

Turbine inlet temperature is steadily increasing to achieve high specific thrust and efficiency of gas turbine engines. Turbine cooling technology is essential to increase turbine inlet temperature. For this study, a small or medium sized aircraft engine of 10,000 lbf class with the turbine inlet temperature of $1,400^{\circ}C$, the engine overall pressure ratio of 32.2, and the bypass ratio of 5 was set as the baseline model and its performance analysis was performed at the design point. The engine has the performance of 10,013 lbf thrust and the specific fuel consumption of 0.362 lbm/hr/lbf. The thrust and the specific fuel consumption of the baseline model were compared with those of similar class engines. Based on these results, the turbine design requirements were assigned. In addition, the parametric analysis of the engine, related to aerodynamic and cooling design of the high pressure turbine, was performed. Based on the baseline model engine, the influence of turbine inlet temperature, cooling flow ratio, and high pressure turbine efficiency variations on the engine performance was analyzed.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Water electrolysis technology, which generates hydrogen using renewable energy resources, has recently attracted great attention. Especially, the polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis system has several advantages over other water electrolysis technologies, such as high efficiency, low operating temperature, and optimal operating point. Since research that analyzes performance characteristics using test bench have high cost and long test time, however, model based approach is very important. Therefore, in this study, a system model for water electrolysis dynamics of a polymer electrolyte membrane was developed based on MATLAB/Simulink®. The water electrolysis system developed in this study can take into account the heat and mass transfer characteristics in the cell with the load variation. In particular, the performance of the system according to the stack temperature control can be analyzed and evaluated. As a result, the developed water electrolysis system can analyze water pump dynamics and hydrogen generation according to temperature dynamics by reflecting the dynamics of temperature.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.833-841
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• 2021

During the postulated severe accident of nuclear reactor, eutectic reaction leads to low-temperature melting of fuel cladding and early failure of core structure. In order to model eutectic melting with the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, the eutectic reaction model is developed to simulate the eutectic reaction phenomenon. The coupling of mass diffusion and phase diagram is applied to calculate the eutectic reaction with the uniform temperature. A heat transfer formula is proposed based on the phase diagram to handle the heat release or absorption during the process of eutectic reaction, and it can combine with mass diffusion and phase diagram to describe the eutectic reaction with temperature variation. The heat transfer formula is verified by the one-dimensional melting simulations and the predicted interface position agrees well with the theoretical solution. In order to verify the eutectic reaction models, the eutectic reaction of uranium and iron in two semi-infinite domains is simulated, and the profile of solid thickness decrease over time follows the parabolic law. The modified MPS method is applied to calculate Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) experiment, the penetration rate in the simulations are agreeable with the experiment results. In addition, a hypothetical case based on the TREAT experiment is also conducted to validate the eutectic reaction with temperature variation, the results present continuity with the simulations of TREAT experiment. Thus the improved method is proved to be capable of simulating the eutectic reaction in the severe accident.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.555-561
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• 2008

In air stripping of ammonia from the aqueous solution, a new removal model was presented considering the equilibrium principles for the ammonia in aqueous solution and between the aqueous and air phase. The effects of pH, temperature and airflow rate on the ammonia removal were evaluated with the model. In addition, the saturation degree of ammonia in air was defined and used to evaluate the effect of each experimental factor on the removal rate. As pH (8.9 to 11.9) or temperature (20 to 50 oC) was increased, the overall removal rate constants in all cases were appeared to be increased. Our presented model shows that the degrees of saturation were about the same (0.45) in all cases when the airflow condition remains the same. This result indicates that the effect of pH and temperature were directly taken into consideration in the model equation. As the airflow increases, the overall removal rate constants were increased in all cases as expected. However, the saturation degree was exponentially decreased with increasing the airflow rate in the air phase (or above-surface) aeration. In the subsurface aeration the saturation degree remains a constant value of 0.65 even though the airflow rate was increased. These results indicate that the degree of saturation is affected mainly by the turbulence of the aqueous solution and remains the same above a certain airflow rate.