• 공업화학
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 2018

염산 5, 10, 15 wt% 용액(1.5, 3.0, 4.5 M; 석유정 산성화에 사용되는 범위)에 대하여 여러 가지 조건에서 자기장이 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 자화된 염산의 pH 변화를 정상적인 염산과 비교하였다. Taguchi 실험 설계법을 사용하여 자장강도, 농도, 유속, 온도 및 시간의 영향을 모델링하였다. 실험 결과 자화에 따라 염산의 $H^+$ 농도가 42%까지 감소하였다. 자장 강도(기여도 28%), 염산의 농도(기여도 42%), 유속이 커지면 자기장 적용의 효과가 증가하였다. 염산에 대한 자기장의 영향은 용액의 유속과 가열에 의하여 영향받지 않았으며 시간에 따른 자기장 메모리가 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 최대 $H^+$ 농도 변화에 대한 최적의 조합은 10% 염산 용액 및 4,300 Gauss일 때로 얻어졌다. 자화 과정 중 염산의 반응 속도가 감소하므로 자화된 염산은 탄화수소(원유 및 천연가스)정의 매질 산성화에 대한 대체 지연제로 비용면에서 경제적이고 신뢰성 있는 방법이 될 것으로 제안한다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 2013

Cryptomeria japonica pollen is the most common pollen, which are scattering during each spring season in Japan. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is one of seasonal allergic rhinitis that mainly occurs in Japan. In addition, long range transportation of Yellow Sand from the East Asian continent was also found during the pollen scattering seasons in Japan. Therefore, the interaction or impact between pollen and Yellow Sand should be concerned. In this study, our objective was to investigate the airborne behaviour of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic (Cry j 1) particles as the airborne tracer of Cryptomeria japonica pollen during the Yellow Sand events. Airborne Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic particles were collected at roadside of urban residential zones of Saitama city during the pollination periods from February to March in two year investigation of 2009 and 2010. The overlap of Yellow Sand events and dispersal peak of pollen grains was observed. According to the Meteorological data, we found that the peaks of airborne pollen grains appeared under higher wind speed and temperature than the previous day. It was thought that Yellow Sand events and airborne pollen counts were related to wind speed. From the investigation of the airborne behavior of the size-segregated allergen particles by determining Cry j 1 with Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), the higher concentrations of the allergenic Cry j 1 were detected in particle size equal to or less than $1.1{\mu}m$($PM_{1.1}$) than other particle sizes during Yellow Sand events, especially in the rainy day. We conclude that rainwater trapping Yellow Sand is one of the important factors that affect the release of allergenic pollen species of Cry j 1. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the relationships between Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species and chemical contents of the Yellow Sand particles in further studies.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 2014

화재현장에서 발생하는 연기는 일반적으로 연소가스와 더불어 여러 가지 성분의 유기증기 및 미연탄소로부터 생성된 미세입자로 되어 있다. 연기는 호흡기로 흡입되어 장단기 인체피해를 유발한다. 화재 시 발생하는 유독가스나 입자에 의한 피해를 예측하기 위해서는 연기입자의 호흡기관 내 이송과 침전, 그리고 입자를 매개로 한 유독가스의 흡수와 흡착등의 현상 파악이 필수적이며 이에 연기입자의 크기 및 형상은 이와 같은 현상의 변화에 중요한 변수로서 작용한다. 이 연구에서는 화재 시 발생하는 연기입자의 흡입에 의한 인체피해 특성을 예측하기 위하여 가연물 및 화재 조건에 따른 연기입자의 크기 및 형상에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 국제표준에 따른 연소생성물 분석을 위하여 ISO/TS 19700 기준에 따라서 등속연소로를 제작하고 각 가연물에 대하여 연소로 온도 및 당량비 조건으로 정해지는 4가지 대표적인 화재조건, 즉, 저온불완전연소, 완전불꽃연소, 불완전불꽃연소, 고온불완전연소 조건에서 연기입자를 발생시켰다. 발생된 연기입자는 다단 충돌집진기를 이용하여 채집한 다음 투과전자현미경으로 크기 및 형상을 분석하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.396-412
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study is to observe the corrosion characteristics of five dental amalgams(CAULK FINE CUT, OPTALLOY II, DISPERSALLOY, TYTIN, and VALIANT) in the solutions with fluoride compound through the anodic polarization curve obtained by using a potentiostat. After each amalgam alloy and Hg being triturated, the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold, and condensed by hydraulic pressure(160 kg/$cm^2$). Each specimen was removed from the metal mold. Specimens were polished with the silicone carbide grinding paper 24 hours after condensation and stored at room temperature for 1 week. The anodic polarization curves were employed to compare the corrosion behaviours of the amalgams in 0.9 % saline solution and in the saline solutions with 2.2 ppm, 0.05 %, 2 % NaF, and 8 % $SnF_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ with 3-electrode potentiostat. After the immersion of specimen in electrolyte for 30 minutes, the potential scan was begun. The potential scan range was -1500m V to + 800m V(vs. S.C.E.) in the working electrode and the scan rate was 50 mV/sec. The results were as follows, 1. The corrosion potential, the potential of anodic current peak, and transpassive potential in the saline solutions with NaF shifted to lower direction than those in normal saline solution, and the current density in the saline solutions with NaF was higher than that in normal saline solution. The differences were increased as the concentrations of NaF became higher. 2. The corrosion potential and transpassive potential in the saline solution with $SnF_2$ shifted to higher direction than those in normal saline solution, and the current density in the saline solution with $SnF_2$ was higher than that in normal saline solution after the corrosion potential. The anodic polarization curves in the saline solution with $SnF_2$ had no outstanding anodic current peak. 3. The corrosion potentials for high-copper amalgams were much higher than those for CAULK FINE CUT and OPTALLOY II in normal saline solution, but, as the concentrations of fluoride compound became higher, the differences in corrosion potentials between them were decreased. The corrosion potentials had the similarity in the saline solution with 2% NaF or 8% $SnF_2$. 4. The current density for TYTIN was the lowest among the others in normal saline solution and in the saline solution with 2.2 ppm or 0.05 % NaF. 5. There was no significant difference in current density between Pd-enriched VALIANT and other high-copper amalgams.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2015

Ceramic foams are prepared as positive images corresponding to a plastic foam structure which exhibits high porosities (85-90%). This structure makes the ceramic foams attractive as a catalyst in a dry reforming process, because it could reduce a high pressure drop problem. This problem causes low mass and heat transfers in the process. Furthermore, the reactants would shortly contact to catalyst surface, thus low conversion could occur. Therefore, this research addressed the preparation of dry reforming catalysts using a sol-gel catalyst preparation via a polymeric sponge method. The specific objectives of this work are to investigate the effects of polymer foam structure (such as porosity, pore sizes, and cell characteristics) on a catalyst performance and to observe the influences of catalyst preparation parameters to yield a replica of the original structure of polymeric foam. To accomplish these objectives industrial waste foams, polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foams, were used as a polymeric template. Results indicated that the porosity of the polyurethane and polyvinyl alcohol foams were about 99% and 97%. Their average cell sizes were approximate 200 and 50 micrometres, respectively. The cell characteristics of polymer foams exhibited the character of a high permeability material that can be able to dip with ceramic slurry, which was synthesized with various viscosities, during a catalyst preparation step. Next, morphology of ceramic foams was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and catalyst properties, such as; temperature profile of catalyst reduction, metal dispersion, and surface area, were also characterized by $H_2-TPR$ and $H_2-TPD$ techniques, and BET, respectively. From the results, it was found that metal-particle dispersion was relatively high about 5.89%, whereas the surface area of ceramic foam catalysts was $64.52m^2/g$. Finally, the catalytic behaviour toward hydrogen production through the dry reforming of methane using a fixed-bed reactor was evaluated under certain operating conditions. The approaches from this research provide a direction for further improvement of marketable environmental friendly catalyst production.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제8권12호
• /
• pp.1146-1151
• /
• 1998

열처리 온도 및 시간의 변화에 따라 $PbO-TiO_2$-$A1_2O_3$-$SiO_2$유리계의 열처리된 시편들에서 perovskite $PbTiO_3$ 결정의 결정화 거동을 X선 회절 (XRD)과 주사 전자 현미경 (SEM)에 의하여 조사하였다 고온에서 장시간 동안 열처리된 시편은 높은 결정화도를 나타내었다. 열처리 시간이 증가할수록 $610^{\circ}C$와 $650^{\circ}C$ 에서 열처리된 시편들의 유전 상수는 증가했지만, $800^{\circ}C$에서 열처리된 시편의 유전 상수는 감소하였다. 시편들의 손실 정접은 열처리 조건에 거의 영향을 받지 않았다. $800^{\circ}C$에서 1h, 2h 및 8h 동안 열처리된 시편들의 압전 계수는 $1.0\times10^{-12}~8.0$\times$10^{-12}C/N$ 정도 이었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.221-235
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this study was to observe characteristic properties through the polarization curves and EMPA images from 4 different types of amalgam obtained by using the potentiostats (EG & G PARC) & EPMA (Jeol JSM-35), to investigate the degree of corrosion of each phase of amalgam on the oxidation peak, and to identify corrosion products from the corroded amalgam by use of X-ray diffractometer(Rigaku). After each amlgam alloy and Hg were triturated as the direction of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Shofu), the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height and was condensed by means of routine manner. The specimen was removed from the mold and stored at room temperature for about 7 days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out. Anodic polarization measurement was employed to compare the corrosion behaviours of the amalgams in 0.9% saline solution(pH6.8~7.0) and artificial saliva (pH6.8~7.0) at $37^{\circ}C$. The open circuit potential was determined after 30 minutes' immersion of specimen in electrolyte and the potential scan was begun at the potential of 100mV cathodic from the corrosion potential. The scan rate was 1mV/sec and the surface area of amalgam exposed to the solution was 0.64$cm^2$ for each specimen. All the potentials reported are with respect to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). EPMA images on the determined oxidation peaks of each amalgam in artificial saliva were observed. X-ray diffraction patterns of each sample were recorded before and after polarization in artificial saliva (Aristaloy, Caulk Spherical, Dispersalloy and Tytin: at +770mV, +585mV, +8.10m V and +680m V respectively) by use of a recording diffractometer. Nickel filtered Cu $K_{{\alpha}_1}$ radiation was used and sample was scanned at $4^{\circ}(2{\theta})/min.$ from $25^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$. The following results were obtained. 1. Oxidation peak potential in artificial saliva shifted to more anodic direction than that in saline solution. 2. The corrosion potential of high copper amalgam was more anodic than the potential of low copper amalgam. 3. The current density was lower in artificial saliva than in saline solution. 4. One of the corrosion products, AgCl was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. 5. ${\gamma}_2$ phase was the most susceptible to corrosion and e phase was stable in low copper amalgam and ${\eta}$' phase and Ag-Cu eutectic were susceptible to corrosion in high copper amalgam.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2018

오일/정제수(O/W) 나노에멀젼은 피부의 투과성을 변화시키는 효과적인 매개체이다. 본 연구에서 우리는 콜레스테롤, 팔미틴산과 같은 피부 각질층 지질과 세라마이드 IIIB (CIIIB)의 피부 적용을 위한 콜로이드성 운반체 역할을 하는 나노에멀젼의 제조와 특성화에 초점을 두었다. 나노에멀젼을 최적화하기 위해, 입자 크기, 나노에멀젼 안정성 및 CIIIB의 용해도와 관련하여 유화 공정 조건을 검토하였다. $80^{\circ}C$의 유화 온도 및 PIC (phase inversion composition) 유화법을 통해 입자 크기의 감소가 관찰되었다. CIIIB는 오일 및 물에 대한 용해도가 낮다. CIIIB의 농도가 증가하면 나노 에멀젼의 입자 크기가 증가하였다. Lipoid S75-3을 오일 상에 첨가하면 CIIIB의 용해도가 증가하여 DSC 측정에서 보여지는 일부 상호 작용을 나타냈다. CIIIB와 피부 각질층 지질은 결정화 또는 물리적 불안정성 없이 성공적으로 나노 에멀젼에 혼입될 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 피부 각질층 지질을 함유하는 안정한 나노 에멀젼은 피부를 위한 효과적인 보습 시스템으로서 효과적일 수 있다.

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.12-18
• /
• 1987

E. colona 종자(種子)의 휴면성(休眠性) 및 광(光)과 발아관여기체(發芽關與氣體)에 대한 발아(發芽) 반응성(反應性)을 조사(調査)하였다. E. colona는 휴면상성(休眠賞醒)을 위해 후숙기간(後熟期間)을 요(要)하지 않하였다. 종피(種皮)를 통(通)한 수분(水分) 이동(移動)은 용이(容易)하였다. 수화(水和) 및 건조(乾燥)의 반복처리(反復處理)는 종자(種子)의 발아력(發芽力)을 감소(減少)시켰다. 24 시간(時間)의 종자(種子) 침윤(浸潤)으로 수분함량(水分含量)은 21%까지 증가(增加)되었으나, 실온(室溫)에서 13 시간(時間) 후(後)에는 원상태(原狀態)로 회복(回復)되었다. 종피(種皮)의 제거(除去)는 암조건하(暗條件下)에서 발아율(發芽率)을 현저히 증가(增加)시켰으며, 광(光)은 완전종자(完全種子)의 발아(發芽)를 촉진(促進)시켰다. 일광도(日光度) 51.9$Wm^{-2}$ 이하(以下)의 조건하(條件下)에서의 발아(發芽)는 현저하게 감소(減少)되었다. 광조사(光照射) 1일(日) 1시간(時間) 처리(處理)는 1일(日) 2 시간(時間) 이상(以上) 처리(處理)에 비하여 현저하게 낮은 발아율(發芽率)을 보였다. 청색광(靑色光) 조사(照射) 종자(種子)는 적색광(赤色光) 조사(照射)에 비하여 발아(發芽)가 지연(遲延)되었으며, 발아율(發芽率)도 낮았다. 광존재하(光存在下)에 외생적(外生的)으로 처리(處理)한 에칠렌 및 탄산가스는 발아(發芽)를 촉진(促進)시켰으며, 이 두 기체(氣體)의 동시처리(同時處理)는 공력효과(共力效果)를 나타내었다. 그러나 암조건하(暗條件下)에서는 이 두 기체(氣體)의 작용력(作用力)이 나타나지 않하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권10호
• /
• pp.3367-3378
• /
• 2021

The design phase and safety assessment of Generation IV liquid metal-cooled fast reactors calls for the improvement of fuel pin performance codes, in particular the enhancement of their predictive capabilities towards uranium-plutonium mixed oxide fuels and stainless-steel cladding under irradiation in fast reactor environments. To this end, the current capabilities of fuel performance codes must be critically assessed against experimental data from available irradiation experiments. This work is devoted to the assessment of three European fuel performance codes, namely GERMINAL, MACROS and TRANSURANUS, against the irradiation of two fuel pins selected from the SUPERFACT-1 experimental campaign. The pins are characterized by a low enrichment (~ 2 wt.%) of minor actinides (neptunium and americium) in the fuel, and by plutonium content and cladding material in line with design choices envisaged for liquid metal-cooled Generation IV reactor fuels. The predictions of the codes are compared to several experimental measurements, allowing the identification of the current code capabilities in predicting fuel restructuring, cladding deformation, redistribution of actinides and volatile fission products. The integral assessment against experimental data is complemented by a code-to-code benchmark focused on the evolution of quantities of engineering interest over time. The benchmark analysis points out the differences in the code predictions of fuel central temperature, fuel-cladding gap width, cladding outer radius, pin internal pressure and fission gas release and suggests potential modelling development paths towards an improved description of the fuel pin behaviour in fast reactor irradiation conditions.