• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 2014

Hot water dipping test was conducted for chicon to restrict red discoloration of its basal part which impairs the product value during sales. Hot water dipping treatment was given to chicon for 4 min and for 8 min at $38^{\circ}C$ and for 2 min and 4 min at $42^{\circ}C$, and for 1 min and 2 min at $45^{\circ}C$, along with control (for one min at $20^{\circ}C$). The red discoloration indices of basal part of chicon during sensory evaluation on the sixth day of storage under the storage temperature at $10^{\circ}C$ was lower at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, $42^{\circ}C$ for 4 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments. The color change value of the basal part in chicon measured by colorimeter showed that the lowest ${\Delta}a^*$ and ${\Delta}h$ were maintained in the basal part of chicon treated at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. Whereas, color changes in $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments were significantly low as compared with that of control. The contents of total phenolic compounds which are the substances that cause red discoloration of basal part in chicon were lowest at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, $42^{\circ}C$ for 4 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) resposible for in the synthesis of phenolic substances was the least in $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min treatment. Whereas, PAL activity of the chicons treated a t $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min were significantly lower than that of control. However, red discoloration was progressed as similar level with that of control in the basal part of chicon at $45^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. The contents of total phenolic compounds and PAL activity in this treatment were not significantly different from those in control. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity which causes red discoloration of cut tissues was low in all the treatments including $42^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ treatment at which no inhibition effects of the red discoloration of basal part of chicon were observed. When the correlation coefficient between each investigated index was tested, most of them showed high correlation except the PPO activity and particularly and the red discoloration index and sensory evaluation ${\Delta}h$ values, and PAL activity and total phenolic compounds content were $r=0.927^{**}$, and $r=0.942^{**}$, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2010

The composting of layer manure is economical and efficiently process. In this study, the variation of composting characteristics in layer manure was investigated according to air supply capacity. The fermented compost was added in layer manure and mixed with sawdust inside composting reactors. The level of air supply capacity was varied in the range of $50{\sim}200\;{\ell}/m^3/min$. During composting the temperature variations of composting piles was different the temperatures of composting piles for T-1 ($50\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) and T-2 ($100\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) were reached at $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$ within 2 days, respectively. For T-3 ($150\;{\ell}/m^3/min$) and T-4 ($200\;{\ell}/m^3/min$), their temperatures was $60^{\circ}C$ within same days and maintained during 8 days. Water contents decreased according to the air supply capacity; 8.9%, 15.4%, 18.0% and 18.6% for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4. The weight ratios of T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were reduced to 12.8%, 15.6%, 18.1% and 17.9%, respectively. The decreasing volumetric ratios of T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 18.0%, 21.0%, 22.3% and 22.0%. The oxygen discharge concentrations during composting were 12 ppm for T-1, T-2 and 9 ppm for T-3 and T-4. After composting, fertilizer components such as total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorous pentoxide ($P_2O_5$) were examined at each air supply capacity. Nitrogen contents of the T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.72% and 0.64%. Also, The contents of $P_2O_5$ were 0.35%, 0.40%, 0.38% and 0.42% for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to investigate the cooling effects of geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) in farrowing house. A total of 96 sows were allocated to 2 pig housings (GHPS and conventional housing) with 48 for four weeks in summer season. During the experimental period of four weeks, the highest outside temperature observed was approximately $34.1^{\circ}C$, GHPS decrease indoor temperature of pig housing up to $30.9^{\circ}C$, but conventional pig housing was similar to outside temperature. Dust concentrations (maximum 61.4%) of particulate matter less than $10{\mu}m$ (PM 10) in GHPS-housing were lower than the conventional housing. GHPS showed no signigicant difference in carbon dioxide emission, whereas the ammonia gas concentration was significantly decreased in GHPS-housing compared to that of conventional housing. Sows in GHPS-housing showed significantly lower respiratory rate than those of the control group. GHPS did not affect hormone level, litter size and birth weight, but weaning weight of piglets was influenced by GHPS. Feed consumption of sows was significantly increased in GHPS-housing compared to the conventional hosing. These results suggest that GHPS decrease dust concentration, ammonia gas emission and indoor temperature of pig housing and may affect performance in sows and weaned piglets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of organic fertilizer and seed mixture on productivity, botanical composition and forage quality in middle areas(Geumsan, 250m sea level) pasture. Total six experimental pastures (orchardgrass, timothy and tall fescue based seed mixture and with or without organic fertilizer) were established in autumn, 2014 and evaluated productivity and agronomic characteristics from 2015 to 2016. Plant heigh was higher in orchardgrass based mixture and orchardgrass and tall fescue based mixture were higher in $2^{nd}$ harvest. There was not found the significant difference among treatment(P<0.05) in dry matter (DM) content. Botanical composition in $1^{st}$ harvest was higher weed portion in orchardgrass based mixture and legumes was disappeared at $3^{rd}$ harvest in all treatments. Fresh and dry matter yield was higher in $2^{nd}$ year than $1^{st}$ year. In $1^{st}$ year, orchardgrass based mixture with organic fertilizer plot was the highest(P<0.05) DM yield, but tall fescue based mixture with organic fertilizer was the highest in $2^{nd}$ year. Content of crude protein (CP) was the highest in tall fescue based mixture and Timothy based mixture showed low in ADF (acid detergent fiber) and NDF (neutral detergent fiber) content. But the content if in virto dry matter digestibility was higher than others. In $2^{nd}$ year, the nutritive value of $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ harvested grasses were higher and average RFV (relative feed value) value was the highest at $4^{th}$ harvest. According to this result, orchardgrass and tall fescue based mixture would be recommendable for farm who considering productivity and timothy based mixture would be recommendable for considering forage quality in middle areas of Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.380-386
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effective application method, uptake, and translocation of germanium(Ge) in mungbean plants. The foliar application of liquid Ge at 7 mg/l during the flowering period, seeds containing 38.7, $14.1{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, from the first and second harvesting. It had 2.5 and 2.3 times more Ge than the seeds raised by using granule Ge at 7 mg/kg with basal fertilization. The foliar application of Ge at 3.5, 7, 14 and 28 mg/l during the flowering period, yielded a relatively high record of seeds containing $14.9{\sim}77.8{\mu}g/kg$ and $6.9{\sim}26.7{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, from the first and second harvesting. However, seeds from the first harvesting contained $2.2{\sim}4.1$ times more Ge than the seeds of from the second harvesting. On the other hand, seeds from first and second harvesting of the non-treatment group Ge contained 1.9 and $3.2{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. When the foliar application of Ge at 7 mg/l was conducted two or three times, the Ge content of the seeds in the first to third harvesting were all over $20{\mu}g/kg$. This indicates that a certain level of Ge can be accumulated. In seeds of mungbean containing $96{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, cotyledon had $138{\mu}g/kg$ of Ge, which was 79% more than seed coat per unit weight. The growth and quantity of mungbean was not significantly different according to the formulation of Ge, the concentration and the frequency of foliar application of Ge used for in study.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive and growing performances in sow farms located in Chungnam. Data collected from a total of 15 sow farms divided into 3 farm groups for 1 year were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; The average of sow at small and large farms were 114.25 and 487.88 heads, respectively. And then, the difference among 3 groups in sow farm was not found significantly in farrowing rate. The significant difference among 3 farm groups was significantly found(p<0.05) in total litter size. The litter size born alive at sucking in small sow farm and middle farms were 9.93, and 10.48 pigs. The difference between small and large farms in number of pigs at weaning were significantly shown 8.89, and 9.35 pigs(p<0.05), respectively. The difference among 3 sow farms for ages at weaning showed significantly (p<0.05). The cycles of farrowing rate per year in small, large and middle farms were 2.17, 2.23 and 2.32, respectively. The significant difference among 3 sow groups was found in farrowing rate(p<0.05). The growing rate up to weaning for middle farms was significantly the higher level(94.70%) than that for other farms(p<0.05). The differences among 3 farm groups for marketing weight were not significantly shown.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1999

A field plot experiment was carried out on mixed pasture from October 1995 to October 1997 to examine the effect of weed control as affected by the difference of mixed pasture species, planning with spilt plot design which main plots of 2 treatments (companion crop Italian ryegrass Lolium multiflorum and Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis) are divided into subplots of 4 treatments (T1: single companion crop, T2: Tall fescue Festuca arundinasea + Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata + Ladino clover Trifolium repens, T3 : Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne + orchardgrass + ladino clover, T4 : orchardgrass + ladino clover). Average 2 year-dry matter yields of companion crops as whole plots, Italian ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, were 15,437kg/ha and 14,629kg/ha, respectively and those of T1, T2, T3 and T4 as sub plots were 14,815, 15,407, 14,629 and 15,187kg/ha respectively without statistical1y significant difference(P>0.05). Though there was no significant difference between the dry matter yields of Italian ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, as whole plots, at 1st harvest of second year, dry matter yields of T3 and T4, as 4,591kg/ha and 4,816kg/ha respectively, were higher than those of T1, 3,376kg/ha(P<0.05), significantly. There was a significant difference among 2nd year-average DM yields of sub plots(P<0.05), showing highest with T4 15,131kg/ha and least with T1 13,085kg/ha and T3 13,269kg/ha. Italian ryegrass, as the companion crop, was better for the control of weeds in the early spring than Kentucky bluegrass, but reached to the similar botanical composition level with Kentucky bluegrass after summer with rapid decrease of Italian ryegrass. Percentage of Kentucky bluegrass in botanical composition increased slowly, but did'nt become an important factor for the control of weeds at the end of this experiment. Using orchardgrass in mixed pasture such as T2, T3 and T4 made weeds more decreased in mixed pasture than one in single conpanion crop. There was no difference among treatments of whole or sub plots in crude protein contents of pasture taken in this study. Contents of NDF and ADF of companion crop. Italian ryegrass plots harvested in October 1997 were hither than those of Kentucky bluegrass plots(P<0.05). ADF contents of Kentucky blue grass-plots taken in July 1997 has shown to be high significantly as compared to those of Italian ryegrass plots(P<0.01). The results of this study support that the companion crop Italian ryegrass was good for weed controls only in spring of 1st year after sowing and orchardgrass in mixed pastures played good roles for increase of dry matter yield and weed control.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 1999

Quality changes of fruit vegetables were investigated during simulated export and marketing to find out the optimum shipping temperature. Fruit vegetables were loaded into a small refrigerated-container and kept for four days at various temperatures, and fruit quality was assayed immediately after harvest, 4 days after storage and 4 days after marketing at ambient temperature. In 'Back Seong Ilho' cucumber fruits, fresh weight loss was further reduced at $13^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$ and room temperature. Soluble solid contents remained at relatively lower levels when cucumbers were stored at $13^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$. In 'Chun Ryang' eggplant fruits, fresh weight loss was greatly increased at all the temperatures (room, $12^{\circ}C,\;9^{\circ}C,\;and\;6^{\circ}C$). However, flesh browning, a primary quality factor of eggplant fruit, was most effectively inhibited at $9^{\circ}C$, whereas chilling injury occurred in fruit flesh at $6^{\circ}C$. Water loss of 'Eals Seinu' melon fruits was most inhibited and soluble solid contents at harvest were maintained for the longest period at $4^{\circ}C$. In 'Pe Pe' cherry tomatoes, storage at $10^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$ seemed to more effectively inhibit metabolic changes and the incidence of cracking, the severest disorder than room temperature. But the fruits stored at $10^{\circ}C$ contained higher level of soluble solids than those at $7^{\circ}C$. The overall results suggest that the optimum shipping temperature range is 11 to $13^{\circ}C$ for cucumbers, around $9^{\circ}C$ for eggplant fruit, $4^{\circ}C$ for melons, and $10^{\circ}C$ for cherry tomatoes.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

This study was carried out to clarify precise $CO_2$ demands of paprika plants (Capsicum annumm L.) by measuring photosynthesis rates of the leaves in high, low positions, and the $CO_2$ consumption of a whole plant in a large sealed chamber. A photosynthesis measuring system (LI-6400) was used to measure the photosynthetic rates of the leaves located in different positions. A large sealed chamber that can control inside environmental factors was developed for measuring $CO_2$ consumption by a whole paprika plant. With increase of radiation, photosynthetic rates of the leaves in higher position became larger than those in lower position. The $CO_2$ consumption by the plant was estimated by using decrement of $CO_2$ concentration from initial level of 1500 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ in the chamber with increase of integrated radiation. A regression model for estimating $CO_2$ consumption by the plant (leaf area = 7,533.4 $cm^2$) was expressed with integrated radiation (x) and was suggested as $y=-0.06234+3.671^*x/(2.589+x)$ ($R^2=0.9966^{***}$). The photosynthetic rate of the whole plant measured in the chamber was 3.4 ${\mu}mol\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ under 300 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light intensity, which is in-between photosynthetic rates of the leaves in high and low positions. For this reason, some differences between required and supplied $CO_2$ amounts in greenhouses might occur when depending too much on photosynthetic rates of leaves. Therefore, we can estimate more accurately $CO_2$ amount required in commercial greenhouses by using $CO_2$ consumption model of a whole plant obtained in this study in addition to leaf photosynthetic rate.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of molybden (Mo) concentrations in fertilizer solution on the growth of and nutrient uptake by domestically bred strawberries. Tissue analysis based on the dry weight was also conducted to determine the threshold levels in plants when Mo toxicity developed in strawberries. The leaf chlorophyll contents decreased lineally as Mo concentrations in the fertilizer solution were elevated. The differences among treatments in chlorophyll contents were statistically significant. The fresh and dry weights decreased significantly when the Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution were higher than 3.0 mM in 'Keumhyang' and 'Maehyang' strawberries and 1.0 mM in 'Seolhyang' strawberry. The elevation of Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution resulted in severe toxicity and crops developed the unique symptoms. The margin of older leaves became yellow and desiccated. Then, the margin of leaf blade rapidly became bronze colored and died as the symptoms spread up the plants. The interveinal area of the young leaves became yellowing. The elevation of Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution did not influence the tissue P, K, and Mg contents based on the dry weight. The tissue Ca contents were higher in 1.0 mM treatment than other treatments of 'Keumhyang' and 'Seolhyang' strawberries. The tissue Mo contents based on the dry weight of 'Keumhyang', 'Maehyang', and 'Seolyahng' strawberries were 76.5, 104.0, and 187.3 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, in the 0.25 mM treatments and 4,155, 5,367, and 2,190 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, in the 4.0 mM treatments. The contents increased lineally as Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution were elevated. When the concentration of Mo at which growth of crops were retarded by 10% is regarded as threshold level, the Mo contents based on dry weight of above ground plant tissue should be lower than 653.4, 686.2, and 589.7 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, in 'Keumhyang', 'Maehyang', and 'Seolyahng' strawberries, respectively.