• Clean Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 1996

The interactions of the societal-industrial system with the environment form one of the most critical issues in today's world. The inadequacy of current environmental regulatory structures and of traditional ways of analyzing environmental issues, together with the continuing need to mitigate the environmental perturbations arising from this complex relationship, have led to the development of a new conceptual framework termed industrial ecology. Industrial ecology (IE), defined by Graedel and Allenby, is the means by which humanity can deliberately and rationally approach and maintain a desirable carrying capacity, given continued economic, cultural and technological evolution. The concept requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in concert with them. IE is a systems view in which one seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgin material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete product, and to ultimate disposal. Factors to be optimized include resources, energy, and capital. In the present paper, the concept of Industrial Ecology and its application through efficient and practical Design for Environment (DFE) methodologies and tools will be introduced to Korea. This paper will also emphasis on the industrial environment within which DFE methodologies must be used, including the fundamentals of industrial design activities, concurrent engineering, constraints on design choices and existing technological infrastructure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.1029-1036
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• 2024

Drawing on the deep experience and understanding of the principles of nuclear safety, as well as many years of nuclear power plant design and operation, the EDF led NUWARD SMR Project is developing a design for a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) of 340 MWe composed of two 170 MWe independent units, that will supplement the offering of high-output nuclear reactors, especially in response to specific needs such as replacement of fossil-fuelled power plants. NUWARD SMR is a mix of proven and innovative design features that will make it more commercially competitive, while integrating safety features that comply with the highest international standards. Following the principles of redundancy and diversity and rigorous application of Defence in Depth (DID), with an international view on nuclear safety licensing, the Project also incorporates new safety approaches into its design development. The NUWARD SMR Project has been in development for a number of years, it entered conceptual design formally in mid-2019 and entered Basic Design in 2023. The objective of the concept design phase was to confirm the project technological choices and to define the first design configuration of the NUWARD SMR product, to document it, in order to launch pre-licensing with the French Safety Authority (ASN) and to define its estimated cost and its subsequent development and construction schedules. As a delivery milestone the Safety Options file (called the Dossier d'Options de Sûreté (DOS)) has been submitted to ASN in July 2023 for their opinion. An integral part of the NUWARD SMR Project, is not only to deliver a design suitable for France and to satisfy French regulation, but to develop a product suitable and indeed desirable, for the international market, with a first focus in Europe. In order to achieve its objectives and realise its market potential, the NUWARD SMR Project needs to define and realise its safety approach within an international environment and that is the key subject of this paper. The following paper: • Summarises the foundation principles and technological background which underpin the design; • Contextualises the key design features with regard to the international safety regulatory framework with particular emphasis on innovative passive safety aspects; • Illustrates the Project activities in preparation for first licensing in France, and also a wider international view via the ASN led Joint Early Review of the NUWARD SMR design, including Finnish and Czech Republic regulators, recently joined by the Swedish, Polish and Dutch regulators; • Articulates the collaborative approach to design development from involvement with the Project partners (the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Naval Group, TechnicAtome, Framatome and Tractebel) to the establishment of the International NUWARD Advisory Board (INAB), to gain greater international insight and advice; • Concludes with the focus on next steps into detailed design development, standardisation of the design and its simplification to enhance its commercial competitiveness in a context of further harmonisation of the nuclear safety and licensing requirements and aspirations.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 2016

The use of folk medicine has been widely embraced in many developed countries under the name of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) and is now becoming the mainstream in the UK and the rest of Europe, as well as in North America and Australia. Diversity, easy accessibility, broad continuity, relatively low cost, base levels of technological inputs, fewer side effects, and growing economic importance are some of the positive features of folk medicine. In this framework, a critical need exists to introduce the practice of folk medicine into public healthcare if the goal of reformed access to healthcare facilities is to be achieved. The amount of information available to public health practitioners about traditional medicine concepts and the utilization of that information are inadequate and pose many problems for the delivery of primary healthcare globally. Different societies have evolved various forms of indigenous perceptions that are captured under the broad concept of folk medicine, e.g., Persian, Chinese, Grecian, and African folk medicines, which explain the lack of universally accepted definitions of terms. Thus, the exchange of information on the diverse forms of folk medicine needs to be facilitated. Various concepts of Wind are found in books on traditional medicine, and many of those go beyond the boundaries established in old manuscripts and are not easily understood. This study intends to provide information, context, and guidance for the collection of all important information on the different concepts of Wind and for their simplification. This new vision for understanding earlier Chinese medicine will benefit public health specialists, traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, and those who are interested in historical medicine by providing a theoretical basis for the traditional medicines and the acupuncture that is used to eliminate Wind in order to treat various diseases.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.211-238
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• 2017

This study was conducted using social network analysis, variance analysis, and regression analysis to investigate the effects of cooperation between innovators on technical performance. Based on data of joint applicants filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office from 2009 to 2012, we derive network structural variables and characteristic variables, and identify network characteristics that affect the overall network structural type, roles for each subject of innovation, and innovation performance. The findings are as follows: ⅰ) The network of this study is a distributed, small-world network within which relatively small groups of innovators are distributed. ⅱ) Universities were found to play the most important role in cooperation, but diversity of cooperating partners exhibited similar effects. ⅲ) It was shown that access to quick and accurate knowledge from familiar partners exhibits a more positive influence on generating innovative performance than unfamiliar knowledge from a variety of cooperating partners in non-familiar fields.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.11 no.4 s.33
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• pp.458-470
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• 2006

This paper describes issues and consideration on authoring of interactive multi-view visual content based on MPEG-4. The issues include types of multi-view visual content; scene composition for rendering; functionalities for user-interaction; and multi-view visual content file format. The MPEG-4 standard, which aims to provide an object based audiovisual coding tool, has been developed to address the emerging needs from communications, interactive broadcasting as well as from mixed service models resulting from technological convergence. Due to the feature of object based coding, the use of MPEG-4 can resolve the format diversity problem of multi-view visual contents while providing high interactivity to users. Throughout this paper, we will present which issues need to be determined and how they can be realized by means of MPEG-4 Systems.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.327-340
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• 2015

Male skirt is found in traditional costumes all over the world. Due to the development of tailoring skills in the early Middle ages, men started wearing breeches and pantaloons gradually distinguishing the different characteristics of menswear and womenswear. Since then, skirt became the strong representation of the female gender, symbolizing the feminism. However, under the influences of technological development and diversification in 2000s, gender identity has been diversely expressed in modern fashion allowing male gender to embrace different sexual identities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the nature of male skirts, which have been popularized in modern men's fashion through both the expressional elements and compositional elements. This study associates design elements of male skirt, gradually appearing in the contemporary men's fashion with the sexual symbolism and reinterpreted it's significance in the flow of the modern fashion. Reinterpretation of the gender image in costumes are considered to contribute to the cultural context and extension in diversity. These research results forms a basic foundation to expand in studies of men's fashion design and gender image of costumes through cultural contexts and it's changes. It is considered that this can lay groundwork to make various attempts at passing over the archetype of the gender image besides the continuous appearance of male skirt in the field of fashion design.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.825-832
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• 2010

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as "Any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" Biotechnology has made tremendous contributions to improve production efficiency of agriculture during the last century. This article reviews successful examples of application of bio-fermentation in improving swine nutrition efficiency mainly based on the authors'z own research experience. Production of feed grade supplemental amino acids by bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to formulate accurate feed for optimal lean growth and reduced nitrogen excretion. Recent issues with high feed grain prices caused potential feed quality problems. Bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to use exogenous supplemental enzymes such as phytase and NSPases in swine diets, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing nutrient excretion to the environment. Yeast metabolites are also produced by bio-fermentation and have been repeatedly shown to improve milk production of sows during early lactation even though actual mechanisms are still to be investigated. Bio-fermentation technology also allowed nutritionists to prepare vegetable protein sources with large protein molecules and anti-nutritional factors suitable for feeding newly weaned piglets, as selected microorganisms significantly reduce specific anti-nutritional factors and size of peptides. Preparations of vegetable protein sources suitable for newly weaned pigs will greatly contribute to swine nutrition by providing efficient alternatives to the use of animal protein sources that are often expensive and somewhat against societal preference. Considering the few examples listed above, biotechnology has closely influenced improvement of production efficiency in the swine industry. As we have limited resources to produce meat to satisfy ever-increasing global demands, extensive adaptation of biotechnology to enhance production efficiency should be continued. However, at the same time, wise and careful application of bio-technology should be considered to ensure production of safe food and to meet the expectations of our society.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.83-113
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• 2017

This paper constructs panel data of inventors listed on patents applied for the KIPO during 1991-2005 and analyzes the effects of network characteristics on inventor productivity. The findings are as follows: ⅰ) Strong ties within a network have positive effects on inventor productivity. ⅱ) An inventor with high centrality shows high producitivity. ⅲ) Technological diversity of a network enhances inventor productivity. ⅳ) An inventor belonging to a network of good quality shows higher productivity. ⅴ) Network size is positively related with inventor producitvity. ⅵ) A lone inventor shows the highest productivity among types of inventors, and a co-inventor with the experience of standalone invention is more productive compared to an inventor with only the experience of co-invention. ⅶ) The productivity effects of network variables differ across regions. ⅷ) Differences among regions do not decrease though geographical boundaries become less important.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4389-4411
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• 2018

High dynamic range (HDR) images are becoming pervasive due to capturing or rendering of a wider range of luminance, but their special display equipment is difficult to be popularized because of high cost and technological problem. Thus, HDR images must be adapted to the conventional display devices by applying tone mapping (TM) operation, which puts forward higher requirements for intellectual property protection of HDR images. As the robustness presents regional diversity in the low dynamic range (LDR) watermarked image after TM, which is different from the traditional watermarking technologies, a concept of watermarking activity is defined and used to distinguish the essential distinction of watermarking between LDR image and HDR image in this paper. Then, a novel robust HDR image watermarking algorithm is proposed against TM operations. Firstly, based on the hybrid processing of redundant discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition, the watermark is embedded by modifying the structure information of the HDR image. Distinguished from LDR image watermarking, the high embedding strength can cause more obvious distortion in the high brightness regions of HDR image than the low brightness regions. Thus, a perceptual brightness mask with low complexity is designed to improve the imperceptibility further. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust to the existing TM operations, with taking into account the imperceptibility and embedded capacity, which is superior to the current state-of-art HDR image watermarking algorithms.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.325-344
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• 2018

Since the year 2000, the need for an improvement of archival descriptions has been an increasing issue, due to the growing usage and amount of archival materials. Unlike the development of descriptions for paper records, however, the technological development and research for moving image descriptions has been limited due to its diversity and specificity. This research investigated the current status and the specificity of the moving image descriptions and also examined major international archival description cases. In-depth interviews with archival professionals were also conducted. Based on the findings, this study suggested the need for redefinition of and continuous research on the fundamental values of moving image information, moving image description and management based on digilog view points, the development of user-centric description and search aides, the creation of moving image values using a relevant information management system, and the improvement of moving image description elements throughout the life-cycle of the material.