• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.6
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• pp.11-51
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• 1993

This study is focused on the problems and the suggestions of proper ideas for solving them which are arisen from appling CIF, Incoterms 1990 into the contract of sale after reviewing of the contents of traditional CIF contract and the main changes of CIF, Incoterms 1990. This study summerized as follows: First, when the seller provide the buyer with non-negotiable sea waybill or inland waterway document instead of negotiable bill of lading, it is my feeling that the essence of symbolic delivery in traditional CIF contract is fading. And if the buyer has paid for the goods in advance, or a bank wishes to use the goods as security for a loan extended to the buyer, it is not sufficient that the buyer or the bank be named as consignee in a non-negotiable document. This is true because the seller by new instractions to the carrier could replace the named consignee with someone else. To protect the buyer or the bank it is therefore necessary that the original instructions from the seller to the carrier to deliver the goods to the named consignee be irrevocable. Second, CIF term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. When the ship's rail serves no practical purposes such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, CIP term instead of CIF term is more appropriate to use. Third, the EDI method still contains many legal and technical problems to be solved in order to be used thoroughly' in the international sale of goods. Therefore, the parties wishing to replace the traditional paper-based trade documents by electronic messages must exchange the agreement on EDI each other in order to prevent and sol ye unexpected problems. Forth, it may be that the goods are to be carried in bulk without such marking or naming of consignee as would amount to appropriation. Then the risk will not pass until effective appropriation has been made. Therefore, the seller needs to appropriate by issuing of separate bills of lading or delivery orders for parts of the bulk cargo. And in case the goods are bought while they are carried at sea, some problems on the passing of risk would arise. One possibility is that the buyer might have to assume risks which have already occured at the time when the contract of sale is entered into force. The other possibility would be to let the pissing of the risk concide with the time when the contract of sale is concluded. The parties are advised to ascertain the applicable law and any solution which might follow there form. Finally, Incoterms are restricted to deal with the main principles for the division of functions, costs and risks between the parties and the rest is left to their individual contract as supplemented by the custom of the trade, the individual terms of the contract of sale and the applicable law. Thus, the parties are advised to ascertain the applicable law on their individual contract of sale in order to solve the problems on the transfer of property, the remedy and so on.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.620-629
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• 2015

As the construction industry becomes bigger and more complicated, standardization of terms should be established between academic and industrial fields in order to accumulate and share information technology. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the research trends and actual usage of construction and architectural terms in Korea. For this purpose, we examined research related to construction and architectural terms by searching RISS up to August 2014. We also analyzed document types and contents of research by year. As a result, 130 research studies related to construction and architectural terms were searched. Of document types, glossary ranks the highest, followed by academic journal papers, master's theses and research reports. Research related to construction and architectural terms began in 1939, and was actively studied between the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Within the research, list and opinion of related construction and architectural terms are found the most frequently, followed by standardization, analysis, alteration, dictionary and wordbook, and search system of terms. Despite these efforts and research, standardization of terms has not yet been consolidated between academic and industrial fields. Therefor, we suggest six proposals in order to standardize the terms. This study is an attempt to see the trends and conditions of construction and architectural terms and to provide base-line data and an insight for future research.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 2017

A modular specification is a contract document that specifies the requirements of production, transformation and installation in a modular construction. A problem of the currently used specification is that it does not guarantee the level of performance required by the modular construction and fails to accommodate unique characteristics of each construction because it widely uses the standard specification as it is. This study proposes a specification that reflects the unique feature of modular construction in order to improve the quality of modular construction. Research focuses on the leakage in waterproof and mechanical equipment because it is the area with the highest rate of defects. This study suggests ways to improve the modular specification as follows: 1)Descriptive specifying (following MasterFormat) 2)Propose leakage verification method and test clause 3) Reflect characteristic of modular construction. Proposed modifications to modular specification are reviewed by experts for validation and their opinion verifies suggested improvements as a way to secure the quality of modular construction and to promise characteristics of the modular specification. This improvement will be used for reference when writing construction project specification, which can be an important contract document, so that it could lower occurrence rate of the modular defects.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

In this study, we analyze and forecast quantum computer technology trends. Previous research has been mainly focused on application fields centered on technology for quantum computer technology trends analysis. Therefore, this paper analyzes important quantum computer technologies and performs future signal detection and prediction, for a more market driven technical analysis and prediction. As analyzing words used in news articles to identify rapidly changing market changes and public interest. This paper extends conference presentation of Cha & Chang (2022). The research is conducted by collecting domestic news articles from 2019 to 2021. First, we organize the main keywords through text mining. Next, we explore future quantum computer technologies through analysis of Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF), Key Issue Map(KIM), and Key Emergence Map (KEM). Finally, the relationship between future technologies and supply and demand is identified through random forests, decision trees, and correlation analysis. As results of the study, the interest in artificial intelligence was the highest in frequency analysis, keyword diffusion and visibility analysis. In terms of cyber-security, the rate of mention in news articles is getting overwhelmingly higher than that of other technologies. Quantum communication, resistant cryptography, and augmented reality also showed a high rate of increase in interest. These results show that the expectation is high for applying trend technology in the market. The results of this study can be applied to identifying areas of interest in the quantum computer market and establishing a response system related to technology investment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.141-165
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• 2012

Since 'the National Assembly Electronic Document System' was introduced in September 2004, the amount of electronic records production in the Nation Assembly has been on a rapid increase. The number of electronic records which 'the National Assembly Records Management System' took over until September 2011 is '240,000', 72% of the total transferred records. However, the National Assembly's electronic records management has a number of serious problems concerning electronic records long-term management and preservation. In the context, this study aims at discussing alternative strategies for effective management and preservation of the Nation Assembly electronic records. In the theoretical aspect, it reviews 'parliament records' definition and management trend. As a case study, it explores the present state of 'the National Assembly Records Management System' ranging from legal aspects to technical aspects. Based on these researches the study critically analyzes the Nation Assembly's electronic records management in comparison with overseas cases. As a result it provides alternative plans of four major areas, including law, management body, management object and technical system, to improve the National Assembly's electronic records management.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.1-23
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• 2017

3D animation production has had a pivotal position in current animation industry and the necessity of professional management tool for 3D animation production has claimed due to its sophisticated pipeline from advance of technology and global production partnership trend. Shotgun and Ftrack are providing the most appropriate management toolset for 3D animation management among the extant management tools and the efficiency of Shotgun & Ftrack is identified compared with the traditional document oriented management style. The biggest strength of production management using Shotgun is that all of the production staff can directly participate in the communication on the tools therefore they can share the information on Shotgun & Ftrack in real time without constraint of time and location. Moreover, all the process of the production and the history of the discussion on certain production issues are systematically accrue on the tool so that the production history can be easily tracked. Finally, the production management using tools contributes collecting and analysing the production information for the production management team in studios. However, Shotgun & Ftrack has metadata based retrieval method which cost huge amount of effort by human's manual annotation and it also has the limitation of accuracy. In addition, the fact that studios has to have technical professionals first in order to institute the tools into their studios is the actual difficulty of Korean studios when they want to use management tools for their project. Thus, this paper suggests adopting the content-based retrieval system on the tools and tools' expanded technical service for the studios as the solution of the identified issues.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-22
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• 2009

Large-scaled information extraction plays an important role in advanced information retrieval as well as question answering and summarization. Information extraction can be defined as a process of converting unstructured documents into formalized, tabular information, which consists of named-entity recognition, terminology extraction, coreference resolution and relation extraction. Since all the elementary technologies have been studied independently so far, it is not trivial to integrate all the necessary processes of information extraction due to the diversity of their input/output formation approaches and operating environments. As a result, it is difficult to handle scientific documents to extract both named-entities and technical terms at once. In this study, we define scientific as a set of 10 types of named entities and technical terminologies in a biomedical domain. in order to automatically extract these entities from scientific documents at once, we develop a framework for scientific core entity extraction which embraces all the pivotal language processors, named-entity recognizer, co-reference resolver and terminology extractor. Each module of the integrated system has been evaluated with various corpus as well as KEEC 2009. The system will be utilized for various information service areas such as information retrieval, question-answering(Q&A), document indexing, dictionary construction, and so on.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2020

The mobile electronic notification service delivers notifications through mobile phone text or app-based message push to solve various problems of the paper-based mail service. And it is a service that an electronic document relay company proves to prove delivery. In order for public and administrative agencies to provide mobile electronic notification service, the user's identification information of the mobile phone number or the subscribed app is required. To overcome these limitations, ICT-regulated sandbox system was used to allow collective conversion of users' resident registration numbers into connecting information (CI). Therefore, in this paper, we propose a technical method for safe management of user CI in mobile electronic notice service, identity verification of electronic notice readers, and prevention of forgery and forgery of electronic notices. Through the proposed method, it is confirmed that the service can be activated by minimizing the adverse function of the mobile electronic notification service by securing the user's convenience and technical safety for the CI.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2016

For the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, a site characterization and final status survey require a site-specific suite of radionuclides that could potentially still be present in the site during or after the decontamination processes. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) requires a Decommissioning Technical Base Document (DTBD) along with a Site Characterization and Historical Site Assessment (HSA) from the utility for decommissioning to proceed. Both the DTBD and HSA are preliminary components of the Radiological Site Survey investigation process and should be included in the final License Termination Plan (LTP) for site release and reuse consideration from the U.S. NRC and the utility company. This study reviews the United States Nuclear Power Plants (U.S. NPPs) decommissioning cases and is especially focused on the methodologies used for determining a site-specific suite of radionuclides before and during the site characterization and final status surveys. In 2017, Kori-1 will be ready for decommissioning and related preparations are ongoing, this review will help Korea to prepare regulatory guidelines and give technical background for the safe and successful decommissioning of NPPs.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.199-204
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• 2020

With the development of IT. convergence systems are applied and operated in many different fields. A representative field among them is medical service, which develops in diverse types in combination with nano-technology and bio technology. However, there is a lack of technical innovation in terms of medical data operation and management. For example, data and documents are saved and integrated separately depending on their forms when electronic health records or data like SAM files are transmitted or kept. In other cases, such records and data are still kept after being recorded in paper. This study tries to design and implement the EMR system that makes it possible to capsulize forms of data and documents and to digitalize documents in work process as they are in terms of operation and storage. The system is expected to support efficient operation of electronic documents in the aspects of work and management.