• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2016

Objectives: Nanomaterials have been used in various fields. As use of nanoproducts is increasing, workers dealing with nanomaterials are also gradually increasing. Exposure assessments for nanomaterials have been carried out for protection of worker's health in workplace. Exposure studies were mainly focused on manufacturing processes, but these studies on after-treatment processes such as refinement, weighing, and packing were insufficient. So, we investigated exposure characteristics of particles during after-treatment processes of $Al_2O_3$ fibers and Ni powders. Methods: Mass-production of Ni powder process was carried out in enclosed capture-type canopy hood. In a developing stage, $Al_2O_3$ was handled with a local ventilation unit. Exposure characteristics of particles were investigated for $Al_2O_3$ fiber and Ni powder processes during the periods of 10:00 to 16:00, 20 May 2014 and 13:00 to 16:00, 21 May 2014, respectively. Three real-time aerosol instruments were utilized in exposure assessment. A scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS, nanoscan, model 3910, TSI) and an optical particle counter(OPC, portable aerosol spectrometer, model 1.109, Grimm) were used to determine the particle size distribution in the size range of 10-420 nm and $0.25-32{\mu}m$, respectively. In addition, a nanoparticle aerosol monitor(NAM, model 9000, TSI) was used to measure lung-deposited nanoparticle surface area. Membrane filters(isopore membrane filter, pore size of 100 nm) were also used for air sampling for the FE-SEM(model S-5000H, Hitachi) analysis using a personal sampling pump(model GilAir Plus by 2.5 L/min, Gilian). Conclusions: For Ni powder after-treatment process, only 27% increase in particle concentration was found during the process. However, for $Al_2O_3$ fiber after-treatment process, significant exposure(1.56-3.34 times) was observed during the process.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.189-224
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• 2015

To meet sectoral emission target by 2020 and prepare for the emission trading scheme from 2015, decomposition analysis of energy consumption and GHG emission is required by 18 subsectors in industry sector where emission targets are established. Log Mean Divisia Index decomposition method was used to analyze factors' effects on energy and emission in the industry sector and by 18 subsectors from 2004 to 2011. Industrial energy consumption was increased due to the production effect and energy intensity effect. However structure effect contributes to the decrease of energy consumption. In terms of emissions (including indirect emission due to electricity consumption) in the industry sector, only structure effect contributed to the emission reduction. Factors' effects by subsectors were different. Cement industry, which is included at Nonmetal shows different results from those of Nonmetal industry and machinery industry, which is a subsector of Fabricated Metal, was also similar. In this regard, we should not apply the policy implications from decomposition analysis of aggregated industry such as Nonmetal or Fabricated Metal to its subsectors uniformly and develop a differentiated policy for each subsector industry.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2013

This research is to define the Aesthetics of Karatedo as Security Guard Martial Art by explore the aesthetics of Karatedo being invigorated as security guard martial art. The first one is beauty of space. The offense and defense of Karatedo as Security Guard Martial art are to fill in, to come out and to move from side to side. It help to have higher judgment. Secondly, it is beauty of time. It is subjective time felt by people training Karatedo. The third on is beauty of unity. We can see formal beauty of unity such as white dogi or black suit of security guard and dynamic beauty of unity such as quick and slow, strong and soft or movement of hand and foot. The forth one is beauty of symmetry. It can be shown strongly by triangle or moving of team kata and triangle between athletes and referee at Kumite competition. The fifth one is beauty of balance. It can by shown well by continual Karatedo kick motion, jumping kick motion at Kumite, jumping motion, quick turning, or moving such as standing on one foot at kata. The sixth one is beauty of harmony. The whith Dogi and blue or red guard at Kumite competition shows harmony of yin and yang and we can see also various harmony such as strong and soft, quick and slow, or high and low at Kata competition. The seventh one is beauty of curve. We can see beauty of straight line and curve by watching line of hand and foot from starting point to ending point. Specially, moving line of white dogi shows strongly beauty. The eighth one is beauty of rhythm. The rhythm is specified in Kumite kata competition rules. It is also shown by basic step, left and right step, various moving of foot, continual offense of hand or continual rhythm of offense and defense. The last one is bezuty of ethics. It is manner, duty as human, and moderation being important in Karatedo.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2006

A self-absorption correction is important issue for the exact radioactivity determination of gamma emitting radionuclides in environmental samples which have the range of apparent density from $0.3g/cm^3$ up to $1.5g/cm^3$. In this paper, a practical and simple method without radioactive standard solutions having various densities is proposed for the self-absorption correction of environmental samples by a developed outside beaker surrounding Marinelli beaker. For the densities of 0.8, 1.0, $1.3g/cm^3$, the corrected efficiencies by the new method and the measured those by radioactive standard solutions of the three densities showed good agreement within 4 %.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.57
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• pp.195-210
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• 2001

One kiln site of Koryo Earthenware in Hwakok-ri, Ansung was excavated from March 15, 1999 to May 15, 1999 by Museum Team of Ehwa Women's University, and also other one earthenware kiln site was confirmed as exposed figure on the ground. In this study, the

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.979-984
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Ca concentrations in low non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) diets containing phytase on growth performance, bone mineralization, litter quality, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) incidence in growing broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 1,800 21-day-old Ross 308 growing broiler chickens were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicated cages. Six diets were formulated to provide increasing Ca concentrations of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0 g/kg in diets. The concentrations of NPP in all diets were maintained at 3.0 g/kg, and phytase was supplemented to all diets at the level of 1,000 fytase units (FTU)/kg. At the end of the 14-d feeding trial, birds were euthanized for tibia sampling, and litter samples were collected from 3 areas in the cage. The FPD incidence was measured based on a 6-point scoring system. Results: Dietary Ca concentrations had no effect on growth performance of growing broiler chickens. However, a tendency (linear, p = 0.05) for decreased feed efficiency was observed as dietary Ca concentrations were increased. The concentrations of Ca and P in the tibia of broiler chickens increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.01) with increasing Ca concentrations in low NPP diets containing phytase. Litter pH, moisture, and N contents were not affected by increasing Ca concentrations in low NPP diets containing phytase. However, a tendency (quadratic, p = 0.10) for increased FPD incidence with increasing dietary Ca concentrations was observed. Conclusion: Dietary Ca concentrations from 4.0 to 9.0 g/kg in low NPP diets containing phytase have little effects on growth performance of growing broiler chickens. However, Ca and P concentrations in the tibia are decreased if dietary Ca concentrations are less than 5.0 g/kg. The FPD incidence for growing broiler chickens may be decreased if less than 9.0 g/kg of Ca is included in diets.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to efficiently make Black Panax Ginseng (BPG) and evaluate its antitumor activity. Methods : Panax ginseng was steamed at $95^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, dried and steamed again at $115^{\circ}C$ for 6 h. The main ginsenosides of BPG were $Rg_{3}$, $Rk_{1}$ and $Rg_{5}$. Results : Among the saponins in BPG, the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ was determined by HPLC method. The 11.48 mg of ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ was obtained from lg of dried BPG. The crude saponin fraction (CSF) of BPG was tested in vitro for its cytotoxic activities against various human cancer cell lines, such as ACHN, NCI-H23, HCT-15 and PC-3. The CSF of BPG exhibited stronger cytotoxic activity than that of red Panax ginsneng. CSF of BPG exhibited good cytotoxic activities against ACFIN, HCT-15, and PC-3 cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values of 60.3-90.8 ${\mu}g$/ml. However, CSF of BPG did not show any cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line. Conclusions : BPG produced by new manufacturing is more effective than BPG produced by existing processing in anticancer activity. And new BPG has a possibility of investigation because of high contents of Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 that have various phisological activities.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.7-11
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• 2012

"Great things in business are never done by one person; they're done by a team of people." By Steve Jobs, 2003. As define by Linda Naiam - Creativity is the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing. Innovation is the production or implementation of an idea. If you have ideas, but don't act on them, you are imaginative but not creative. So in order to maintain the pace with the changing business scenario and coping with the competition Innovation and Creativity is considered a mandatory tool for a business to exist and grow in market. Whether a company is Employee centric or Business centric Innovation and creativity has to have its space in order to keep a business ahead of others in the Market. Also it's not just the competition which has led to the Innovation and Creativity in Business practices it's also the demanding chunk of consumers and customers who are aware and prefer maximum choices before making a final deal. Another reason as to why there is a change in business practices is the globalization of businesses where you need to rope in the Innovative ideas to launch and sustain in new market. There had been tremendous shift in business practices but to give a room to innovative ideas and implement that creativity need ample to space and vision along with an attitude where in you can resist for getting an immediate results from innovative business practices. Corporate Creativity is characterized by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, to make connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena, and to generate solutions. Generating fresh solutions to problems, and the ability to create new products, processes or services for a changing market, are part of the intellectual capital that give a company its competitive edge. Creativity is a crucial part of the innovation equation. The innovation and creativity is not limited to any area of business, it can start from your waiting lounge to your board room meeting depending upon how the things are perceived and implemented for the betterment of people and business. The purpose of this research is to understand the latest creative business approaches and practices that organizations are following to be different from their competitors. Also this shift from generic business practices to the Innovative and Creative approach seems to take the business into new world. This approaches means starting from the bottom of the Pyramid and finally touching the pinnacles in Innovation and creativity. The paper will discuss on the various areas of business where in innovative approaches can be roped in and sets new bench mark altogether in the business arena.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to identify multidimensional factors influencing burnout in intensive care unit(ICU) nurses. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected during February 2016 from a convenience sample of 222 tertiary hospital ICU nurses and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Burnout correlated positively with compassion fatigue (CF)(r=.37, p<.001), and negatively with compassion satisfaction (CS)(r=-.66, p<.001). The regression model explained 57% of the variance in burnout. For individual characteristics in the model, perceived health status (${\beta}=-.27$, p<.001) and gender (${\beta}=.14$, p=.028) were the most influential factors for ICU nurses' burnout. In the model with added work-related characteristics, nursing environment (${\beta}=-.22$, p=.001), perceived health status (${\beta}= -.20$, p=.001), and satisfaction with department (${\beta}=-.19$, p=.007) were the most influential factors. Finally, for the model with psychological characteristics added, CS (${\beta}=-.56$, p<.001) and CF (${\beta}=.35$, p<.001) were the most influential factors. Conclusion: Results reveal that most ICU nurses have a moderate level of CF and a moderate to high level of CS and burnout, and that individual, work-related and psychological factors are relevant in ICU nurses' burnout. Programs or interventions to reduce burnout should be developed taking into account these multidimensional factors.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.59-80
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the history, space structures, blueprint, and techniques of the construction of Nam-hea city walls. Nam-hea city walls were relocated in 1439 from Whagumhun-Sansung(火金峴山城) to the present site, nearby Nam-hea Um.(南海邑) The city walls were rebuilt after they were demolished during Japanese invasion on Korea in 1592 and their reconstruction was also done in 1757. At present, the city walls only partially remained due to the urbanization of the areas around them. A plane form of the City wall is a square, and the circumference os approximately 1.3km. According to the literature, the circumference of the castle walls is 2,876尺, the height is 13尺, and the width is 13尺 4寸. Hang-Kyo(鄕校). SaGikDan(社稷壇), YoeDan(厲壇), SunSo(船所) which is a harbor, as well as government and public offices such as Kaek-Sa(客舍) and Dong-Hun(東軒) existed inside the castle walls. Inside the castle walls were one well, five springs, one ditch, and one pond, and in the castle walls, four castle gates, three curved castle walls, and 590 battlements existed. The main government offices inside castle walls were composed of Kaek-Sa, Dong-Hun, and Han-Chung(鄕廳) their arrangements were as follows. Kaek-Sa was situated toward North. Dong-Hun was situated in the center of the west castle walls. The main roads were constructed to connect the North and South castle gate, and subsidiary roads were constructed to connect the East and West castle gate. The measurement used in the blueprint for castle wall was Pobaek-scale(布帛尺:1尺=46.66cm), and one side of it was 700尺. South and North gate were constructed in the center of South and North castle wall, and curved castle walls was situated there. One bastion was in the west of curved castle walls and two bastions were in the east of curved castle walls. The east gate was located in the five eighths of in the east castle wall. Two bastions were situated in the north, on bastion in the south, one bastion in the south, and four bastions in the west castle wall. The castle walls were constructed in the following order: construction of castle field, construction of castle foundation, construction of castle wall, and cover the castle foundation. The techniques used in the construction of the castle walls include timber pile(friction pile), replacement method by excavation.