• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2015

Mold contamination is one of the detrimental factors affecting sawdust media-based shiitake cultivation in greenhouses. During mold monitoring of indoor air of greenhouses, several fungi were isolated. Among them, Aspergillus pulverulentus and Cosmospora butyri were found to be new in Korea and Lecanicillium psalliotae and L. antillanum were known in Korea without taxonomic validation. In this study the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region or ${\beta}$-tubulin gene of the four identified species were described.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.101-113
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• 2018

Lichen genus Stereocaulon (Schreb.) Hoffm is distributed throughout the world. Although 15 Stereocaulon species have been recorded in Korea, no detailed taxonomic or revisionary research has been conducted for nearly two decades. In this study, we collected 260 putative Stereocaulon spp. samples and identified the species based on morphological, chemical, and molecular characteristics. From the collected samples, 10 species of Stereocaulon were identified, nine of which had already been reported, although this was the first report for the tenth, S. octomerellum Hue, in Korea. General characteristics of Stereocaulon spp. include coralloid phyllocladia and tubercular cephalodia; however, the specimen first collected in Korea was a rare species with tomentum on the pseudopodetia. The specimen of S. octomerellum is characterized by the presence of a primary thallus, granule to short coralloid phyllocladia, and pseudopodetia up to 1 cm in size, with tubercular cephalodia. To determine the phylogeny of the specimens, we compared the ITS sequences of ribosomal DNA and the b-tubulin gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean Stereocaulon species were monophyletic and placed in the previous phylogenetic classification. Species of S. intermedium and S. exutum, however, were polyphyletic, and are morphologically variable and widespread species. Overall, we present here detailed morphological and chemical descriptions of each species identified and a revised key of all known Stereocaulon species in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 1993

The genus Ganoderma is typical wood-rotting fungi and its fruiting body has been used as an important herb in oriental medicine. Recent research discovered antitumor components from Ganoderma lncidum. Various Ganoderma species are being cultivated in Korea. However, taxonomic system of the genus Ganoderma has been based mainly on the macromorphology of fruiting bodies and the ultrastructural characteristics of basidiospores. Since there are similar characteristics in Ganoderma mycelia grown on the same artificial media, it is suggested that the compatibility of the fungi by di-mon mating be used as an aid to determine the identity of species in addition to the conventional characterization. In this study, we examined physiological and genetical properties such as growth temperature, pH, compatibility and enzyme or protein patterns of laccase, esterase and cellular proteins of G. lucidum RZ, G. tsugae and Ganoderma species cultivated in Korea by electrophoresis for characterization of the isolates. We found that compatibility test and isozyme patterns of laccase and esterase of the mycelia could be used for the differentiation of the isolates. These results showed that Ganoderma species cultivated in Korea is genetically similar to G. lucidum but physiologically closer to G. tsugae than to G. lucidum.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.233-241
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• 2008

Functional feeding groups (FFGs) of benthic macroinvertebrates are guilds of invertebrate taxa that obtain food in similar ways, regardless of their taxonomic affinities. They can represent a heterogeneous assemblage of benthic fauna and may indicate disturbances of their habitats. The proportion of different groups can change in response to disturbances that affect the food base of the system, thereby offering a means of assessing disruption of ecosystem functioning. In this study, we used benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected at 650 sites of 23 different water types in the province of Overijssel, The Netherlands. Physical and chemical environmental factors were measured at each sampling site. Each taxon was assigned to its corresponding FFG based on its food resources. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) using a backpropagation algorithm, a supervised artificial neural network, was applied to evaluate the influence of environmental variables to the FFGs of benthic macroinvertebrates through a sensitivity analysis. In the evaluation of input variables, the sensitivity analysis with partial derivatives demonstrates the relative importance of influential environmental variables on the FFG, showing that different variables influence the FFG in various ways. Collector-filterers and shredders were mainly influenced by $Ca^{2+}$ and width of the streams, and scrapers were influenced mostly with $Ca^{2+}$ and depth, and predators were by depth and pH. $Ca^{2+}$ and depth displayed relatively high influence on all four FFGs, while some variables such as pH, %gravel, %silt, and %bank affected specific groups. This approach can help to characterize community structure and to ecologically assess target ecosystems.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 2017

This study was conducted to observe egg and larvae morphological development of carp to obtain basic data for resource conservation and taxonomic research. Brood carp used in the research (total length 67.3-75.5 cm, average $71.0{\pm}3.45cm$) were bred in a circular rearing aquarium ($600{\times}300{\times}100cm$) using a running water system from January to July, 2015. Breeding water temperature was maintained at $23.0-25.0^{\circ}C$(average $24.0^{\circ}C$). Fertilized carp eggs were translucent and globular, and their size was 1.75-1.89 mm (average $1.82{\pm}0.06mm$). Blastoderms formed 10 min after fertilization and reached the two-cell stage 30 min after fertilization. Then, the embryo turned dark and exhibited melanophores, and blood started flowing from the heart across the egg yolk at 42 hrs and 50 min after fertilization. Hatching began 70 hrs and 26 min after fertilization larvae emerged through the egg membrane, starting from the head. The length of prelarvae immediately after hatching was 5.23-5.38 mm (average $5.31{\pm}0.11mm$) the mouth and anus were closed, and the pectoral fin was formed. Postlarvae at 18 days after hatching had a total length of 11.9-13.9 mm (average $12.9{\pm}1.40mm$), separate anal fin and back membranes, and fin ray. Juveniles fish at 35 days after hatching had a total length of 29.9-30.2 mm (average $30.1{\pm}0.13mm$), with the body covered with scales, and the same number of fin rays, color, and shape as their broodstork.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1699-1709
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• 2004

Genetic variations and relationship based on the sequences of cpDNA trnL-F gene, nrDNA ITS and ETS region among the twenty four taxa including Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and its related species were investigated. And taxonomic status and molecular phylogenetic relationship between P. ginseng and related groups were discussed. Molecular systematic data from cpDNA and nrDNA sequences were very useful to elucidate the genetic variations and relationships among the treated taxa. It was found that P. ginseng is the independent unique species with distinct genetic limitation from the related species such as P. quinquefolius, P. japonicum, P. notoginseng and P. pseudoginseng. P. ginseng including cultivated types as well as wild ones formed monophyletic group with high genetic similarities. P. quinquefolius and P. japonicum were the most related sister groups of P. ginseng based on the molecular phylogenetic results in this study.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.683-687
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• 2013

Among Paragonimus species, P. paishuihoensis is one of the most mysterious and poorly understood species. Metacercariae are characterized by having a unique dendritically branched excretory bladder. However, the morphology of the adult worm remains unknown. To date, metacercariae of this species have been reported only in China and Thailand. In this study, we first found P. paishuihoensis metacercariae in freshwater crabs, Potamon lipkei, in Hinheub District, Vientiane, Lao PDR, with a prevalence of 77.7% and the average intensity of 10.3 (range 1-28) metacercariae per crab. The molecular data based on ITS2 and CO1 markers indicated that P. paishuihoensis from Laos and Thailand were almost completely identical and were close to members of the Paragonimus bangkokensis/Paragonimus harinasutai complex. Attempts to infect experimental animals (cats, dogs, and rats) with P. paishuihoensis were unsuccessful, suggesting that these animals might be unsuitable definitive hosts for the species. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the taxonomic status and life cycle of P. paishuihoensis.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.233-246
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• 1997

A genetic analysis using starch gel electrophoresis was performed to clarify the degrees of genetic differentiation and the phylogenetic relationships among four species of the genus Corbicula (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). The average genetic similarity coefficients among the populations of each species on C. fluminea, C. leana and C. colorata were very closed (Rogers' S$\geq$0.970), whereas the other C. japonica was separated into two genetic groups (S=0.873) with distinct allelic difference at the Gpl locus. Thuefore additional taxonomic studies are needed on this species. On the other hand, these four species were well distinguished from each other genetically with distinct allelic differences at 4 to 9 loci. The genetic similarity coefficients (S) between C. leana and C. colorata, C. fluminea and C. leana, and C. fluminea and C. colorata were 0.737, 0.689, and 0.594, respectively. In particular, the average genetic similarity coefficients between these three species (inhabiting in freshwater) and the other C. japonica (inhabiting in brackishwater) were notably lower (S=0.370).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2011

Anabaena (Cyanobacteria, Nostocales) are important for water quality controls, because they are often responsible for freshwater green tides; moreover, some species are reported to produce hepatotoxin. In this study, we sequenced RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene of Anabaena, and evaluated their sequences for the potential use of a molecular taxonomic marker in this taxon. Anabaena rpoB showed low DNA similarity and high genetic divergences when compared those of 16S rRNA, and the molecular differences were statistically significant (Student t-test, p<0.01). Parsimony analyses showed the rpoB gene evolves 4.8-fold faster than 16S rRNA. In addition, phylogeny of the rpoB gene separated each Anabaena strain more clearly compared with a 16S rRNA tree. These results suggest that the rpoB gene is a useful marker for the molecular phylogenetics and the species discrimination of Anabaena.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-154
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• 2005

The following is a taxonomic list of the specific features of external and internal shape and pattern analysis of Paeonia lactiflora PALL. and P. obovata MAX as the standard of herbal medicine. 1. External shape of original plant P. lactiflora has lancelate and elliptical leaves with no hair on both sides. It bears a flower bud at the shoot apex or leaf axil. On the other hand, P. obovata has obovate leaves with hair on the back side. It has a single flower bud at the shoot apex. 2. Physical characteristics of herbal states P. lactiflora has a bright and smooth external surface whose color is light red brown, light gray on its section and it is not easy to cut. On the other hand, P. obovata has a coarse external surface whose color is dark brown, pinkish on its section and it is easy to cut. 3. Physical characteristics of herbal state in currents Paeonia Radix Alba is brown on the external surface, and whitish on its section. On the other hand, Paeonia Radix Rubra is dark brown on the external surface, and yellowish-white on its section. 4. Internal characteristics Internal shape is correspond to that of Paeonia Radix described in literatures. Only P. lactoflora has a concentrated vascular bundle toward centeral cylinder. On the other hand, P. obovata has a scattered vascular bundle at the cortex. 5. Physicochemical pattern by HPLC Both P. lactoflora and P. obovata showed the same pattern. Paeoniforin, a main component, appears upon 13.68 in retention time (Rt) in both. In addition, both contain a large amount of paeoniflorin. Such results will, in the future, be used as basic source for the additional research, such as biological reactions and genetic discrimination.