• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.3-33
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• 2017

The present study analyzed movie consumption behavior from the perspective of transaction cost, taking into account the possible incurrence of additional costs in the process of consumers obtaining movie information to choose movies. Regression and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in the analysis by taking movie information and the individuals' social demographic characteristics as independent variables and the number and frequency of movies watched as dependent variables, using information from the "2015 movie consumer survey." The results showed that consumers considering elements such as "directors" and "online reviews" were found to be more active in movie consumption. The analysis of movie-watching frequency showed that the information considered when choosing a movie was different for high- and low-frequency movie viewers. Putting these factors together suggests that movie consumption can vary according to an individual's cultural capital, preferences, and their degree of movie information awareness. While existing studies have mostly analyzed the determinants of box office performance, the significance of the present study is its empirical analysis of individual movie information in terms of transaction cost. Based on the results above, it can be inferred that the cyclical structure of trading expenses influences movie consumption and, once preferences are formed through a certain level of consumption, the trading cost expenses decrease, which results in increasing consumption. Therefore, film makers need to establish and execute marketing strategies that appropriately use movie information so that consumers can reduce the trading costs necessary for movie watching.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.42
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• pp.393-418
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• 2016

Raquel, the representative work of Vicente García de la Huerta, an 18th century Spanish playwright achieved theater box-office success and popularity during staging. It has been evaluated by many scholars and critics as the ideal drama that faithfully followed the norms of neoclassicism, which pervaded the aesthetic mainstream at the time. However, the factor that enabled the popular success of this theater production was its ability to harmonize the themes or contents with a traditional play to meet the unique trends and tastes of Spanish viewers who were still appreciated earlier Baroque theater, rather than complying with external norms of neoclassicism such as principle of three unities or exclusion of comic figures etc. That is, Spanish viewers of the time thoroughly rejected theater of neoclassicists who attempted to unilaterally enlighten them while regarding the Baroque theater of earlier times as full of superstition and irrationality, illogic and disorder, regardless of their own dramatic taste. In this situation, Huerta's tragedy Raquel, achieved the harmony of neoclassical tragedy and Spanish theatrical tradition. It thus emphasizes the importance of public support and sponsorship in dramatic success. Traditional dramatic elements shown in Raquel can be summarized as honor, poetic justice and love and these elements are major dramatic codes penetrating the entire Baroque theater of Spain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2019

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining the Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage Values, in Suzhou classical gardens and the operational method of the protection management of historic gardens, and the results of the study are as follows; The first, as a world heritage, Suzhou gardens proved OUV by showing the taste and lifestyle of the literati, the unique class of Chinese history, to the natural environment of the East Yangtze Delta region. In addition, it showed the exchange of international culture with unique Chinese garden techniques. Second, a authentic reconstruction of garden have original value because it exist records of the near past. The 20th-century archives described by the contemporary language and describing the heritage through images using such media as photography and drawing played a decisive role in restoring gardens. Third, the protection management of Suzhou gardens, which began in the 1950s, was carried out in detail, including the reconstruction of components such as buildings, the restoration of plant materials and horticulture technique, the creation of a list through the records of trees, the maintenance of props such as plaque, furniture, and the project to improve water quality and restore waterscape. The last, after the World Heritage inscribing, Garden's protection management was proceeded in two directions. One is that through the reorganization of the administrative management system and the enactment of laws related to Suzhou classical Gardens, the listing heritage is strictly protected and managed, and the other is that the historical gardens are used to establish urban masterplan and urban identity in Suzhou. The range of garden properties greatly expanded by distinguishing the principle of conservation from protection to rational use and the grade of protection, such as whole protection, maintenance protection and protection of historical sites.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.67
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• pp.69-104
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• 2017

This paper examines the aspect of the novel which appeared in the union of the male and female relationship of "OkSuki", one of the novels of the 19th century. "Oksuki" is a work focusing on the relationship between men and women. It takes a narrative structure based on the relationship. It shows various aspects of the relationship through the structure in which the pluralities of plural persons are repeated. Other events and illustrations, except for the talk, are both an occasion of the alliance and an auxiliary role. At the beginning of the work, the main character's parents are described in detail.By arranging the prophecies related to the relationship between the protagonist and the brothers, it suggests that subsequent narratives will flow into the center of the relationship. The male characters that make up the alliance are characteristically trained and have a good taste, and the Caines are colorfully colored. It is believed that the marriage pattern faithfully follows the medieval status order. The reason why the figure of the person who becomes his wife and the person of the concubine are set differently is because the image of the wife and the concubine are different from each other ideally. The characters who are going to be hungry are emphasized on the clause, efficacy, knowledge, and inner peace, and are actively involved in. On the other hand, conciliatory characters emphasize talent and craftsmanship, and their role is reduced after marriage. The wife is a person who has both Confucian culture and knowledge and is able to care for her husband and family well. Concultation is shaped as a person who can enjoy joyful life and emphasize more affection in relation with his wife.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.438-446
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• 2022

Some flowers have a high sensual appeal owing to their unique shape, color, smell, and taste and have been used as functional food and oriental medicine. Recently, edible dry flowers (EDFs) have attracted social attention as noble sources of functional teas. In this study, for the risk assessment of EDFs, pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and pesticide residues were monitored in 23 types of commercial EDF. No Enterobacteria spp. and Listeria spp. were found in all EDF products. However, common aerobic bacteria (3.24~3.85 Log CFU/g) were found in EDF, namely, Pueraria lobata, Chamaemelum nobile, Acacia decurrens, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz, Oenothera lamarckiana, Brassica napus, and Prunus serrulata. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 11 and Salmonella sp. was found in 8 of the 23 EDFs. Considering the cold extraction of EDF for tea and beverages, the regulation of pathogenic bacteria in EDFs is necessary. No heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and As were found in all EDFs, except the dry flower of Hemerocallis fulva, which contained Pb at 0.08 ppm. Different pesticides and fungicides were found in EDFs, but their concentrations were very low (0.01~0.08 ppm) and below the maximal residue level. Only the dry flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium had a high content of chlorpyrifos (0.215 ppm), which is long-lasting pesticide. Our results suggest that the establishment of EDF regulations for pesticide residue, culture separation between edible and garden flowers, and guidelines for preventing pathogenic microbial contamination are necessary.

• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-111
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• 2020

In Korea, the independent publication market has grown since it came into existence in the 1990s. In 2008, the country's first independent bookstores selling independent publications opened. As of late 2019, there were a total of 466 independent bookstores in Korea and the number of independent bookstores rapidly increased for the last decade. However, the closing rate of independent bookstores is rapidly increasing. This trend is also shown in independent bookstores in Gwangju. Recently, the closing rate of independent bookstores in Gwangju is more than twice as high as the national average. Against this backdrop, this study intended to identify the current conditions of independent bookstores in the city, analyze the problems facing them, and find solutions. Independent bookstores in Gwangju currently make various efforts such as book curation, management of various supplementary programs, and book markets. However, the bookstores have problems including the curation and programs focused on specific areas, focus on limited generations, dependence on publications from the Seoul metropolitan area. To address these problems, this study proposed solutions such as diversifying publications through planning and developing of local contents, strengthening the taste-based salon nature, organizing networks of independent bookstores, and systematically incubating independent bookstores. At the system level, this study also suggested a need for local bookstore certification system, a complete execution of a fixed book price system, and a fair provision rate.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.39-51
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• 2019

This study was tested on Ratafia Champagne Trouillard 1947 of old fortified wine and analyzed differences from existing wines. Old fortified wine in Champagne, France and blanding is Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier. Alcohol level is 18% and test date is Feb. 15-21, 2019(six days of decanting period/15 p.m. on the last tasting day). Tester is composed of one FICB grand commander one KOV Finland commander. The wine opening was tested for two blades after wire removal and the decanting time was applied to the calculation formula of 2019(this year)-1947(vintage year)/12=6 days set in this study. Aroma smelled like cherries, fruits, soy sauce and licorice and bouquet was identified in five stages. The first stage was presented with the smell of pot, the second stage was light coffee, the third stage smell of fruit and flowers, the fourth stage smell of wild honey and the fifth stage smell of refined brandy. Then, the test was analyzed in seven stages. This study has the following implications: First, the new concept of old wine was applied to fortified wine. Specific computational formulas for the decanting period were derived. The decanting presented five steps of aromas and bouquet. Wine testing has been expanded from the previous five to seven levels. A new taste of Champagne old fortified wine was analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.527-539
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• 2023

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable and spice crop that has been cultivated worldwide. Pepper fruits have unique taste and aroma, providing a variety of antioxidants and compounds important for human health, which makes a high economic value. In addition, there is a high demand for new pepper varieties, according to consumer's preference. However, pepper is a recalcitrant plant for in vitro tissue and organ differentiation and plant regeneration, which makes it difficult to develop demanded varieties using newly developed technologies such as genetic engineering and gene editing. In this study, tissue culture and regeneration conditions were investigated using seven pepper varieties that were obtained from the core-collection of Seoul National University. We observed callus and bud induction and shoot formation using several media composition composed of different cytokinins and auxin concentrations. As a result, it was found that there were differences in callus induction and shoot formation of each variety depending on the hormone composition, and the highest regeneration was shown when the medium containing Zeatin Riboside and the petioles of seedlings were used. In particular, out of seven pepper varieties, CMV980 exhibited a higher regeneration efficiency (approximately 48%) than other varieties, followed by Yuwolcho. Therefore, this study provides CMV980 and Yuwolcho as good candidates that can be used for pepper transformation, which might contribute to the development of various varieties through gene editing technology in the future.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2010

Due to the globalization across various industries and cultural trade among many countries, oriental concepts have been attracting world’s attentions. In fashion industry, one's traditional culture is often developed as fashion theme for designers' creation and became strong strategies to stand out among competitors. Because of the increase of preferences for oriental images, opportunities abound to introduce traditional fashion goods and expand culture based business to global fashion markets. However, global fashion brands that include Korean traditional culture are yet to be developed. In order to develop a global fashion brand with Korean taste, it is very important for native citizen to accept their own culture in domestic apparel market prior to expansion into foreign market. Loungewear is evaluated to be appropriate for adopting Korean traditional details into clothing since this wardrobe category embraces various purposes which will easily lead to natural adaptation and wide spread use. Also, this market is seeing an increased demand for multipurpose wardrobes and fashionable underwear (Park et al. 2009). Despite rapid growth in the loungewear market, specific studies of loungewear is rare; and among research on developing modernized-traditional clothing, fashion items and brands do not always include the loungewear category. Therefore, this study investigated the Korean loungewear market and studied consumer evaluation toward loungewear with Korean traditional fashion design elements. Relationship among antecedents of purchase intention for Korean traditional fashion design elements were analyzed and compared between lifestyle groups for consumer targeting purposes. Product quality, retail service quality, perceived value, and preference on loungewear with Korean traditional design elements were chosen as antecedents of purchase intention and a structural equation model was designed to examine their relationship as well as their influence on purchase intention. Product quality and retail service quality among marketing mixes were employed as factors affecting preference and perceived value of loungewear with Korean traditional fashion design elements. Also effects of preference and perceived value on purchase intention were examined through the same model. A total of 357 self-administered questionnaires were completed by female consumers via web survey system. A questionnaire was developed to measure samples' lifestyle, product and retail service quality as purchasing criteria, perceived value, preference and purchase intention of loungewear with Korean traditional fashion design elements. Also, loungewear purchasing and usage behavior were asked as well in order to examine Korean loungewear market status. Data was analyzed through descriptive analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA and structural equation model was tested via AMOS 7.0. As for the result of Korean loungewear market status investigation, loungewear was purchased by most of the consumers in our sample. Loungewear is currently recognized as clothes that are worn at home and consumers are showing comparably low involvement toward loungewear. Most of consumers in this study purchase loungewear only two to three times a year and they spend less than US$10. A total of 12 items and four factors of loungewear consumer lifestyle were found: traditional value oriented lifestyle, brand-affected lifestyle, pursuit of leisure lifestyle, and health oriented lifestyle. Drawing on lifestyle factors, loungewear consumers were classified into two groups; Well-being and Conservative. Relationships among constructs of purchasing behavior related to loungewear with Korean traditional fashion design elements were estimated. Preference and perceived value of loungewear were affected by both product quality and retail service quality. This study proved that high qualities in product and retail service develop positive preference toward loungewear. Perceived value and preference of loungewear positively influenced purchase intention. The results indicated that high preference and perceived value of loungewear with Korean traditional fashion design elements strengthen purchase intention and proved importance of developing preference and elevate perceived value in order to make sales. In a model comparison between two lifestyle groups: Well-being and Conservative lifestyle groups, results showed that product quality and retail service quality had positive influences on both preference and perceived value in case of Well-being group. However, for Conservative group, only retail service quality had a positive effect on preference and its influence to purchase intention. Since Well-being group showed more significant influence on purchase intention, loungewear brands with Korean traditional fashion design elements may want to focus on characteristics of Well-being group. However, Conservative group's relationship between preference and purchase intention of loungewear with Korean traditional fashion design elements was stronger, so that loungewear brands with Korean traditional fashion design elements should focus on creating conservative consumers' positive preference toward loungewear. The results offered information on Korean loungewear consumers' lifestyle and provided useful information for fashion brands that are planning to enter Korean loungewear market, particularly targeting female consumers similar to the sample of the present study. This study offers strategic and marketing insight for loungewear brands and also for fashion brands that are planning to create highly value-added fashion brands with Korean traditional fashion design elements. Considering different types of lifestyle groups that are associated with loungewear or traditional fashion goods, brand managers and marketers can use the results of this paper as a reference to positioning, targeting and marketing strategy buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2000

This survey investigated on the degree of acknowledgment, intake frequency and using methods of wild grasses of the residents in Kyeonggi, Kangwon, Chunnam, Chungbook, Kyeongnam & Cheju area. The results were as follows: 1. An answer that impression of wild grasses is 'nature food' was the highest(42.6%). It was founded that interest of nature food has been increasing. 2. It has been shown that the most common method for elimination of astringent taste is to blanch and then wash several times with water.(62.9%) 3. The most common obtaining routes was traditional market. It has been shown that rate of gathering in the fields is higher in rural community and the group of over 60 years old than that of urban community and the other groups. 4. In rural area, people(28.7%) ate wild grasses more frequently than in urban area. Family with the old and the group of over 40 years old eat wild grass often. 5. More than 95% of answerers were familiar with the names of wild grasses, codonopsis lanceolata, chinese bellflower, braken, mugwort, wild rocambole and edible shoots of a fatsia & Korean lettuce are known to them with over 88.6%, 85.1% respectively. Frequently eaten wild grasses were braken, chinese bellflower, wild tocambole, codonopsis lanceolata, mugwort and korean lettuce orderly. But in Chunnam & Kyeongnam, they were braken, chinese bellflower, mugwort, wild rocambole and Korean lettuce orderly. 6. Wild grasses eaten with rice were total 25 species, and mugwort had the highest usage rate with 41.9%. Mugwort was used for $D'{\breve{o}}k$(rice cake)(77.8%), T'wigim $J{\breve{o}}n$(deep fat fried dish swallow fat fried dish)(50.1%) and liquor(4.6%). In the cooking of Guk(soup), Chigae(stew), Sengch'ae(raw vegetable) and kinds of wild grasses for Namul(cooked seasonal vegetable) & Bokkum(saute) are the most various with 58 species, especially braken was most commonly used for saute. Sedum & Korean lettuce were the common ingredients of Kimch and codonopsis lanceolata was used in liquer & Jangachis(pickle) with 40%, 46% each. Chinese bellflower was used with the most variable cooking method. 7. 43 species of wild grasses were stored by blanching and drying, and braken had the highest rate(32.3%) then aster scaber, flowering fern, Pimpinella brachycarpa, mugwort and ligularia orderly.