• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.229-242
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate young children's nonsymbolic arithmetic ability according to task difficulty. The participants in this study comprised 43 2-year-old children and 48 4-year-old children recruited from 5 childcare centers located in Seoul, Korea. All tasks were composed of comparison, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division tasks. In addition, each arithmetic task varied with the ratio of the two quantities; low level(1:2), middle level(2:3), high level(4:5). The results revealed that 2 & 4-year-old children could perform a large numerical range of nonsymbolic arithmetic tasks without influences from previously learned mathematics. This finding suggests that children have a degree of numerical capacity prior to symbolic mathematics instruction. Furthermore, children's performance on nonsymbolic arithmetic tasks indicated the ratio signature of large approximate numerical representation. This result implies that large approximate numerical representation can be used in arithmetical manipulations.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-40
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• 2016

This study aimed to compare perception of job importance, job performance, and job difficulty between clinical dietitians working at small and medium hospitals in Busan. The survey was conducted from July 15 to August 31, 2014, and data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The mean scores for perception of job importance, job performance, and job difficulty of clinical dietitian's task elements were 3.88, 2.87, and 3.18 out of 5.0, respectively. Perception of job importance had a positive relationship with job performance. However, job performance showed a negative relationship with job difficulty. There were strong positive relationships among nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, nutrition monitoring & evaluation, nutrition research in perception of job importance (P<0.05, P<0.01). Nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition research showed positive relationships with job performance (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was also a positive relationship among clinical dietitian's task with job difficulty (P<0.05, P<0.01). These results suggest that it would be effective to adopt training programs for appropriate nutrition service and to provide continuous education programs for professional development.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.33-47
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to investigate the differences of self-efficacy and appearance management behavior according to demographic variables, to disclose the relationship between self-efficacy and appearance management behavior, and to examine the characteristics that affect appearance management behavior of male and female college students. The research method was a survey method using a questionnaire. The subjects were 632 college students (male: 302, female: 330) living in Seoul area. Statistical analysis methods were factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$-reliability coefficient, t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The self-efficacy factor derived four categories including self-control efficacy, social self-efficacy, physical self-efficacy, and task difficulty preference. The college students who were in higher social stratification and older had more appearance management behavior, and those who had lower task difficulty preference and lower physical self-efficacy had more plastic surgery management. Both men and women who had higher self-control efficacy had more clothing management. Women who had higher self-control efficacy, social self-efficacy, and task difficulty preference had more appearance management expenses.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 2016

Purpose - Prior research has suggested that consumers typically prefer to have a larger number of options. However, preference of assortment size may depend on how depleted resources in consumers' mind are. Reduced capacity for self-regulation by resource depletion makes people rely on more intuitive and less effortful decision processing. When they are mentally depleted, people are likely to focus on the choice difficulty from large assortment, which leads to preference for the small assortment when they make a decision. It could be an important question potentially how being in a depleted mode through effortful self-regulation will influence on the evaluation of assortment size. To answer this questioner, we hypothesized that being engaged in self-regulation, as compared with not being engaged in self-regulation, will influence on the evaluation of product assortment size such as attractiveness, difficulty of choice, and anticipated regret. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, we first manipulated self-regulatory resource availability using a self-regulation task (i.e., instructing participants to solve Sudoku puzzle vs. to solve diagram cube by filling any diagrams that they prefer into cube instead of number) and asked to indicate the difficulty of the tasks available to them ("How much difficulty did you feel when you complete the task?") Next, participants were asked to imagine that they were planning to buy a laptop at one of the two stores (small assortment: 6 options vs. large assortment: 30 options), both offering good quality of products. After reading the product descriptions, participants were instructed to consider all the information and choose a store that they would like to shop. Finally we measured the choice difficulty, evaluation of product assortments, and anticipated regret on a 7-point scale. We conducted two-way ANOVA in testing the main hypothesis that depleted consumers will show poorer subsequent self-control than non-depleted consumers when they make a decision in large assortment. Results - Compared with non-depleted participants, depleted participants showed the bigger difference from the degree of choice difficulty and product attractiveness between large and small assortments, but the result revealed only a significant interaction effect of resource depletion and assortment size on choice difficulty. Also depleted participants showed the smaller difference from the degree of anticipated regret between large and small assortments than non-depleted participants. Conclusion - Depleted individuals by a prior task are relatively effortless and intuitive form of choosing products so that they try to avoid making effortful trade-offs among choice difficulty such as large assortment, compare with non-depleted individuals. However, for anticipated regret, non-depleted individuals in small assortment anticipate more regret by excluding or at least restricting the possibility of buying attractive items or another kind of potential items than depleted individuals, regardless less choice difficulty in small option. To sum up, it is important to note that individuals are influenced by self-regulatory resources and their self-regulatory conditions contribute to the overall positive or negative impact of product assortment on choice.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the tasks of managers who were working in the Customized Visiting Health Services (CVHS) and to prioritize analyzed tasks according to performance frequency, perceived importance, and difficulty. Methods: Job analysis method by Hartley (1999) was used for task analysis and performance frequency, perceived importance, and difficulty were used for prioritize as criteria. A total of 85 managers in the CVHS of public health centers nationwide were recruited through e-mail and mail survey. Using SPSS/WIN 15.0, descriptive statistics, such as frequency distribution, means, median, and standard deviation, were conducted to examine each subject's general characteristics, the frequency, importance, and difficulty of the tasks as well as to prioritize the each task. Results: The job description of the managers revealed 12 duties, 35 tasks, and 104 task elements. Of the 85 managers, 84.8% were classified as nurses, 40.5% were home health care specialists, and 32.9% were social workers. Their coretasks were management of client cases, budget management, and management of work performance and quality assurance. Conclusion: Considering the analyzed managers' tasks and core tasks, we need to examine each manager's role precisely and provide various educational programs for improving overall manager competence.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-29
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and to analyze the duty and the task of rehabilitation nurse in Korea. Method: The definition of rehabilitation nurse and job description was developed based on developing curriculum(DACUM) by panels who have experienced in DACUM analysis and rehabilitation nursing. 228 nurses who were working at rehabilitation centers and rehabilitation unit in general hospitals were participated. The questionnaire included frequency, importance, and difficulty of duties and tasks. The data were collected in March and April 2009, analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: The job description of rehabilitation nurse in Korea revealed 11 duties, and 61 tasks. On the all 11 duties, the highest duty in frequency and importance was direct nursing care ($2.47{\pm}.31$, $2.77{\pm}2.8$) and the highest duty in difficulty was self-development ($2.39{\pm}.48$). Among the tasks of duties 'direct nursing care' in 'manage medication' ($2.87{\pm}.35$) in frequency, the task 'prevent and manage bedsore' ($2.91{\pm}.31$) of duty 'direct nursing care' in importance, and 'cope emergency situations' ($2.72{\pm}.49$) of duty direct nursing care in difficulty showed the highest degree. Conclusion: The political efforts for the legislation of role and task of rehabilitation nurse were needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.131-156
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to prepare a plan for the improvement of the tasks of record managers in offices of education by understanding the details of their work; analyzing the importance, difficulty, and performance frequency of their tasks; and investigating their working environment and the problems of record management in offices of education. For this purpose, through a literature review and an analysis of related conditions, this study drew out 5 task domains and 24 detailed record management tasks in offices of education. To investigate the level of importance, difficulty, and performance frequency of the drawn-out task domains and task factors, this study conducted a questionnaire survey on record managers working in offices of education and analyzed the survey results using the IPA technique by crossing the level of importance, difficulty, and performance frequency. Based on the survey results, to improve the tasks of record managers in offices of education, and strengthen their task competency, a plan for improvement was suggested.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2004

This study examines different types of navigation aids when a navigator performs target search tasks in Virtual Environments. The factors manipulated in this study include target information (None/Landmark). navigational difficulty (Easy/Difficult). and map types (None/2D Map/3D Map). Navigation performance was measured by using task completion time and the number of target locations that was remembered by the navigator. In addition, user satisfaction on the navigation aids was also measured by using a 7-point Likert's scale. The results showed that the user satisfaction on the landmark was high when the 3D Map was provided. The task completion time shortened when navigational difficulty was set at "easy." The number of remembered target locations was large when there was no landmark. It was also large with an easy navigation task. or a map (20 or 3D) provided. Guidelines for selecting navigation aids were proposed based on the results.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.943-949
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• 2010

When PCB soldering is performed with microscope due to the electronic components' microminiaturization, workers' awkward upper body postures and difficulties being in focus among lens, object and eyes are one of reasons for productivity decline. The object of this study is to investigate the level of difficulties of work and the extent of productivity improvement by changing work interfaces from the work using microscope to the work using LCD monitor. Independent variables was usage of microscope and image system and dependent variables were upper body segments including neck, shoulder, back, and waist, task convenience and eye fatigue. The Visual Analogue Scale (10cm) was used for questionnaire and one way ANOVA (two levels) and two sample t-test were conducted. In addition, RULA rating was conducted for working postures. The result showed that interface changes of LCD monitor, suggested by productivity comparison per one Man Hour, highly contributed to work convenience and productivity improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

During a learning process, a human being is assumed to experience knowledge-based behaviors, rule-based behaviors, and skill-based behaviors sequentially if Rasmussen was right. If any psycho-physiological symptom to those different levels can be obtained, it can be useful as a measure whether a human being is fully trained and has gotten a skill in his work. Therefore, this study aimed to draw relationships between human performance measures and psycho-physiological measures while committing a computer-simulated pointing task by utilizing the power spectrum technique of EEG data, especially with the ratio of relative beta-to-alpha band power. The result showed that, during correct responses, the ratio came to stabilize as all the performance data went stable. However, response time was not a simple linear function of task difficulty level only, but a joint function of task characteristics as well as behavior levels. Comparing relative band power ratios from errors and correct responses, activated states of one's brain could be explained, and characteristics of the task could understood. To tell that of pointing task, correlations around C3, C4, P3, P4 and 01, 02 area were significant and high in correct response cases whereas most correlation coefficients went down in error cases standing for imbalance of psycho-motor functions. Though task difficulty was the only one factor that could influence on relative band power ratio with statistical significance, it should be comprehended to mean a different way of expression indicating task characteristics since at least error-some situation could be explained with the help of relative band power ratio that absolute band power failed.