• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.181-194
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• 2006

Objective : Author evaluate the effects of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium for the bronchial asthma using assesment of the vascular endothelial growth factor after Citri Reticulatae Viride Peicarpium was intravenously administered Ovalbumine(OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice. Material and Methods : Twenty-four female mice, 8-10 weeks old and free of murine specific pathogens, were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Of the sensitized mice, ten mice didn't administrate Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium and the other ten mice administrated Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium. Mice were sensitized on the first and fourteen days introspectional injection of 20 ${\mu}g$ OVA. After$21^{st}\;22^{th}\;and\;23^{rd}$, the initial sensitization, the mice were challenged for 30 minutes with an aerosol of 1% OVA in saline. Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium administered 200mg/kg in the tail of the mouse, one a day, for 7 days and beginning 14 days after first sensitization. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 72 hours after the last challenge, and total cell numbers in the BAL fluid were count. Also, lever of VEGF in the BAL fluid was measured by Enzyme immunoassays and Western blot analysis. Results: Total cell numbers in BAL fluid were significantly greater than from 72 hrs after OVA inhalation compared with cell numbers in the control group. However, there was no difference of the total cell numbers between OVA-challenge groups without Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, and OVA-challenge with Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium. Enzyme immunoassay revealed that VEGF levels in the BAL fluids were significantly increased 72 hrs after OVA inhalation compared with levels in the control group. After administration of the Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpiu, the levels of the VEGF in BAL fluids 72 hrs after OVA inhalation reduced dramatically. Western blot analysis revealed that VEGF protein levels were increased in the all mice which were challenge with OVA, without administered Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, compared the normal mouse. However, in the groups of the administered Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, the VEGF protein level markedly decreased. Conclusion: Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium might affect the treatment of the bronchial ashma as a inhibition of the VEGF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

A low frequency, high power hydroacoustic transducer with 7 tonpilz piston elements assembled in a circular array suitable for marine application, such as the transmission of underwater information and the development of new fisheries resources in the deep sea zone was designed. A modified Mason's model was applied to monitor and to simulate the transducer behavior at each step during the fabrication. The in air, and in water constructed tonpilz transducer was tested experimentally and numerically by changing the size and the type of the material for head, tail and acoustic window. Also, the developed transducer was excited by pulse signals and the received waveform was analyzed. The resonance peaks in the transmitting voltage response(TVR) of a single tonpilz element without housing were observed at 11.33kHz in air and 10.93kHz in air and 10.93 kHz in water, respectively, with the overall electrical-acoustic efficiency of 43.7%. The value of TVR of single tonpilz element with aluminum housing in water was 129.87dB re 1 $\mu$Pa/V at 12.25 kHz with the frequency bandwith of 2.15 kHz and half beam angle of 30.2$^{\circ}$at -3dB.The resonance peaks in the transmitting voltage response of the 7 element circular transducer were observed at 11.50 kHz in air and 11.45 kHz in water, respectively. The value of TVR in water 144.84 dB re 1$\mu$Pa/V at 11.5kHz with the frequency bandwith of 4.25 kHz and the half beam angle of $22.3^{\circ} $ at -3dB.Reasonable agreement between the experimental measurements and the theoretical predictions for the directivity patterns, TVRs and the impedance characteristics of the designed transducer was achieved.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Decision fusion in wireless sensor networks under non-Gaussian noise channels is studied. To consider the tail behavior noise distributions, we use a exponentially-tailed distribution as a wide class of noise distributions. Based on a canonical parallel fusion model with fading and noise channels, the likelihood ratio(LR) based fusion rule is considered as an optimal fusion rule under Neyman-Pearson criterion. With both high and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximation to the optimal rule, we obtain several suboptimal fusion rules. and we propose a simple fusion rule that provides robust detection performance with a minimum prior information, Performance evaluation for several fusion rules is peformed through simulation. Simulation results show the robustness of the Proposed simple fusion rule.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.44-48
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• 2014

A liquid nitrogen-cooled prepolarization ($B_p$) coil made for ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging (ULF-MR) designed to generate 7 mT/A was fabricated. However, with suspected internal insulation failure, the coil was investigated in order to find out the source of the failure. This paper reports detailed build of the failed $B_p$ coil and a number of analysis methods utilized to figure out the source and the mode of failure. The analysis revealed that pyrolytic graphite sheet linings put on either sides of the coil for better thermal conduction acted as an electrical bridge between inner and outer layers of the coil to short out the coil whenever a moderately high voltage was applied across the coil. A simple model circuit simulation corroborated the analysis and further revealed that the failed insulation acted effectively as a damping resistor of $R_{d,eff}=6{\Omega}$ across the coil. This damping resistance produced a 50 ms-long voltage tail after the coil current was ramped down, making the coil not suitable for use in ULF-MR, which requires complete removal of magnetic field from $B_p$ coil within milliseconds.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2011

With the development of the actuarial and insurance industries, the distributions of the insurance payments data are deeply studied by many authors. It is known that theses types of distribution are very highly positively skewed and have a long thick upper tail such as Pareto or lognormal distribution. In 2005, Cooray and Ananda proposed a new model which is composed lognormal distribution and Pareto distribution. They said it as composite lognormal-Preto distribution. They showed that the proposed distribution was better fitted than lognormal or Pareto distribution. On the other hand many agreements about the insurance payment have some options for a trivially small payment or extremely large one because of the limits of total payment. Appling these cases, in this paper we consider the parameter estimation on the composite lognormal-Pareto distribution based on doubly censored samples.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.556-565
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• 2017

Background: Recent studies have revealed that the properties Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly associated with are substance and energy metabolism. Our study aimed to compare the effect of red ginseng (RG) (warm property) and ginseng leaves (GL; cold property) on the substance and energy metabolism of rats with hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: Rats were administered propylthiouracil intraperitoneally for 20 d to cause hypothyroidism. The reference group was orally administered Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia [FZ (Fuzi in Chinese)], while both the RG and GL groups were orally administrated crude drugs. The rectal, tail, toe, and axilla temperature of the rats were assayed every 3 d. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure were measured via TSE phenoMaster/LabMaster animal monitoring system. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase, fumarase, pyruvic acid and cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate were determined. Results: The lower levels of triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the higher level of thyroid stimulating hormone revealed the successful establishment of a hypothyroidism model. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, and energy expenditure in the FZ and RG groups were obviously increased. The activity of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase and fumarase in the FZ and RG groups was significantly increased. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate level in the FZ and RG groups was increased, while the GL group showed the opposite. Conclusion: Our research provides a new way to explore the efficiency of Chinese medicine on the basis of the relationship between drug property and effects on substance and energy metabolism.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 1998

The effects of herbal medicine on travecular bone area were studied using ovariectomized rat as an animal model of Type I osteoporosis and SAM P6 as that of Type II. We counted red blood cells(RBC), hemoglobin(Hb), and hematocrit(Hct) using Couter`sR method. Each traditional boiling water extract of Achyrathis Radix, Psoraleae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparat, and Cornii Fructus and a systemic water extract of Astragali Ractiex was given 5g/kg/day, p.o., for 30 days in a group of 4-5 ovariectormized rats. One ml of blood was taken by tail vein at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after administration of the extract. The traditional hot water extract of Cervi parvumn Corni (Cervi) was given the same dose as described above for 14 days in a group of 10 SAM P6 mice and systemic water extract of Astragali Radix was administered as the same dose as above for 30 days in 10 SAM P6 mice. Travecular bone area was measured 5 mcm decalcified and stained thin bone slice by image analysis using a digitalizer. In Type I, ovariectomized rats, administration of Astragali Radix, Rhemanniae Radix Preparat, and Corni Fructus decreased in RBC, Hb and Hct. In Type II, administration of Cervi increased in RBC and Hct and that of Astragali Radix was also elevated RBC. In Type I, any administration of herbal medicine used in this study did not elevate travecular bone area significantly except Corni Fructus showed a trend of increase in travecular bone area. However, Type II, Cervi and Astragali Radix increased in both mean and total travecular bone area. Thus, there are significant difference in response of herbal medicine in different types of osteoporosis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.215-224
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• 2001

Objcetive : Neuropathic pain sometimes arises from a partial peripheral nerve injury. This kind of pain is usually accompanied by spontaneous burning pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. It has been well known that acupuncture is effective to the pain control from ancient time in Asia. However, it is not clear whether acupuncture can control neuropathic pain. The aim of the present study is to examine if acupuncture stimulation may be effective to the mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce neuropathic pain, under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, the right superior caudal trunk was resected between the S3 and S4 spinal nerves. After the neuropathic surgery, we examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia. The mechanical allodynia was assessed by stimulating the tail with von Frey hair (bending force : 2.0g). three or 6 weeks after the neuropathic surgery, acupuncture stimulation was delivered to Houxi (SI 3) as the following parameters (2HZ frequency, 0.07mA intensity and 3msec duration) for 30 minutes. Results : The stimulation of Houxi (SI 3) acupoint relieved the behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia. Conclusion : Our results suggest that acupuncture can control the mechanical allodynia of neuropathic pain.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2020

The common practice to predict the characteristic structural load effects (LEs) in long reference periods is to employ the extreme value theory (EVT) for building limit distributions. However, most applications ignore that LEs are driven by multiple loading events and thus do not have the identical distribution, a prerequisite for EVT. In this study, we propose the composite extreme value modeling approach using clustering to (a) cluster initial blended samples into finite identical distributed subsamples using the finite mixture model, expectation-maximization algorithm, and the Akaike information criterion; (b) combine limit distributions of subsamples into a composite prediction equation using the generalized Pareto distribution based on a joint threshold. The proposed approach was validated both through numerical examples with known solutions and engineering applications of bridge traffic LEs on a long-span bridge. The results indicate that a joint threshold largely benefits the composite extreme value modeling, many appropriate tail approaching models can be used, and the equation form is simply the sum of the weighted models. In numerical examples, the proposed approach using clustering generated accurate extrema prediction of any reference period compared with the known solutions, whereas the common practice of employing EVT without clustering on the mixture data showed large deviations. Real-world bridge traffic LEs are driven by multi-events and present multipeak distributions, and the proposed approach is more capable of capturing the tendency of tailed LEs than the conventional approach. The proposed approach is expected to have wide applications to general problems such as samples that are driven by multiple events and that do not have the identical distribution.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.87-94
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• 1999

Empirical design is still used to avoid a structural damage because impact phenomenon and structural behaviour due to wave impact load can not examined accurately. The damage due to wave impact load is largely affected by impact pressure impulse and impact load area. The objective of this study is, as the second step, to develop an efficient scantling program of bow flare structure, and to predict its impact load area by comparing maximum dented deformations at center of idealized panel structure model of bow flare structure of 300k DWT VLCC using LS/DYNA3D code, which will be used for its verification of dynamic structural analysis, as the next step. Through this study, the impact load area was estimated as $1.5s{\times}1.5s$ stiffener space(s) in the case of panel with stiffeners and as $2.5s{\times}2.5s$, with stringers, under impact pressure curve with peak height 6.5MPa, tail height 1.0MPa, and duration time 5.0msec.