• 디자인학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2006

In product manufacturing industries, a recent issue is the green concept. The green concept is a complicated area. If the green concept is for products, its serious issues have to be criticized. Although the importance of the green concept has overflowed, its influences have not been disputed vigorously. So this study is to critic the serious issues of the green concept in aesthetics in product design, manufacturing, and products' prices. The green environment has four representative elements: systems, policies, minds, and technologies, but they are not in the field of design. An element of the green concept, green design is also a sub concept for design, so it should be based on aesthetics. It is green aesthetics. But since green design first appeared, it has never approached by aesthetics because it has mostly had social meanings and expectations. So for green aesthetics, to think about what makes a product, and what can be aesthetic issues among them are important. Products consist of form, structure, material, and technology. Form means different shapes in a structure, but there cannot be any specific directions for a green concept. Structure has two kinds: interior and exterior structure. While interior structure has a technological character, exterior structure is deeply related with aesthetics, but it has also no chance for green concept. Material can be divided as two also: aesthetic and technological. Aesthetics materials mean the colors, opacity, and tactile sense of materials, but they are not aesthetic issues. Technological materials are recycled materials or non-recycled materials. Even if recycled materials are used today, they are close to systems or policies rather than aesthetics. With this result, green aesthetics is a very difficult concept. Second, green products are usually 30% more expensive than general products. But every consumer has his or her own economical conditions, and nobody can coerce consumers into buying expensive green products for green environments. And green products without good quality cannot satisfy consumers. This means that green concept is not accomplished by just manufacturing green products. Third, although a lot of proposals have appeared as green design in exhibitions, most of them are close to craft because they are so hard to be manufactured. Manufacturing is the first consideration for products. These three issues are enough to explain why green concept is complicated in manufacturing products. If they are not solved, the green concept is just a fiction. So if this study proposes a turning point against blind green-oriented atmosphere, it will be meaningful enough.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제2호
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• pp.7-26
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• 2004

Since the 20th century, it was often announced that a painting was dead, but it is still alive. Even in the epoch of recently increasing virtuality, painting is still appealing, consistently pursed by many with a thirst. Thus, it is said that the mission of a picture is to maintain its reality without being trapped in virtuality. In the history of Western painting spanning over several hundreds of years the myriad of techniques and styles have emerged, going though a huge variety of changes: namely, its not possible any longer to find the new ways of expression in painting. Hence, painters today feel that it becomes more gradually difficult for them to execute something. In the midst of swiftly changing, diversely evolving trends of contemporary art, the painters incessantly pose a question why they go on working on painting, and seek to find its answer. Why the painters still try to say something about painting? Is that because they consider it the quintessence of fine arts or think that it is in no way possible or meaningful to comment on fine arts without relying on painting? If then, is there any avenue of escape for the painting? The question of the 'crisis of painting' is still raised, when reviewing the rapidly changing conditions of inventing artworks. That is also why the recent works failed to offer a conceptually unified, universally shared perspective of painting. Moreover, painting is left to shrink comparatively with the pervasive existence of videos and installations briskly employing digital images and technologies in their creations. Whats more problematic is the fact that there is a growing sense of crisis not only in the sphere of painting hut also in the entire realm of art. As the organizers and curators of big-scale exhibitions and art projects tend to exploit their space spectacularly, focusing primarily on their abilities to control the space, there is a pervasive notion amongst them that painting is a medium that is not properly to suit such purposes and requests. Today, the death of painting is, in fact, the death of modernist painting, which assumed a central role in the history of art for a considerable amount of time, rather than the death of painting itself. Employing a new paradigm of invention, a picture is now entering a new domain which is perhaps unknown to us. Moving beyond the stereotypical concepts of painting, physical property and flatness, pictures today reveal the introduction of time and space and the penetration of new media such as installation, photography, video and the Internet. Despite such trends, the dexterity and tactile capability of painters is still to be considered significant in the future. The renewal of painting is made in an entirely unexpected manner and place.

• 치과방사선
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.471-489
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• 1998

For the successful endodontic treatment, root canal should be cleaned thoroughly by accurate mechanical and chemical canal preparation and sealed completely with canal filling material without damaging the periapical tissues. The accuracy of the root canal length measurement is a prerequisite for the success of the endodontic treatment, and the root canal length is often determined by the standard periapical radiographs and digital tactile sense. In this study, the accuracy and the clinical usefulness of Digora/sup (R)/, an intraoral digital imaging processor and the conventional standard radiographs were compared by measuring the length from the top of the file to the root apex. 30 single rooted premolars were invested in a uniformly sized blocks and No.25 K-file was inserted into and fixed in each canal. Each block was placed in equal distance and position to satisfy the principle of the bisecting angle and paralleling techniques and Digora/sup (R)/ system's image and standard periapical radiographs were taken. Each radiograph was examined by 3 different observers by measuring the length from top of the file to the root apex and each data was compared and analyzed. The results were as follows; 1. In the bisecting angle technique, the average difference between the Digora/sup (R)/ system and standard periapical radiograph was 0.002 mm and the standard deviation was 0.341 mm which showed no statistically significant difference between the two systems(p>0.05). Also, in the paralleling technique, the average difference between these two system was 0.007 mm and the standard deviation was 0.323 mm which showed no statistically significant difference between the two systems(p>0.05). 2. In Digora/sup (R)/ system, the average difference between the bisecting angle and paralleling technique was -0.336 mm and the standard deviation was 0.472 mm which showed a statistically significant difference between the two techniques(p<0.05). Also, in the standard periapical radiographs, the average difference between the bisecting angle and paralleling technique was 0.328 mm and the standard deviation was 0.517 mm which showed a statistically significant difference between these two techniques(p<0.05). 3. In Digora/sup (R)/ system and the standard periapical radiographs. there was a statistically significant difference between the measurement using the bisecting angle technique and the actual length(p<0.05), But there was no statistically significant difference between the measurement using the paralleling technique and the actuallength(p>0.05). In conclusion. the determination of the root canal length by using the Digora/sup (R)/ system can give us as good an image as the standard periapical radiograph and using the paralleling technique instead of the bisecting angle technique can give a measurement closer to the actual canal length. thereby contributing to a successful result. Also. considering the advantages of the digital imaging processor such as decreasing the amount of exposure to the patient. immediate use of the image. magnification of image size. control of the contrast and brightness and the ability of storing the image can give us good reason to replace the standard periapical radiographs.

• 감성과학
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2002

범용 가상환경 프레임워크 NAVER를 제안하고, 이를 케이브기반 가상현실환경에 적용하여 자동차 시제품 평가 실험에 활용한 사례를 소개한다. NAVER는 다양한 가상현실 어플리케이션을 구현하기 위한 가상환경 프레임워크로, 확장성이 뛰어나고 재구성이 가능하다 NAVER는 Render Server, Control Server, 그리고 Device Server로 구성되어 있으며, 각 서버는 네트워크로 상호 통신하여 각각의 기능을 수행한다. NAVER는 XML 기반 스크립팅 언어를 지원하여 사용자가 자유롭게 가상환경의 여러 가지 객체와 인터랙션을 정의할 수 있도록 설계되었다. NAVER를 케이브 기반 가상현실환경에 적용하여 자동자 시제품평가 실험에 활용하였다. KIST의 케이브 기반 가상현실 환경은 4면의 정방형 스테레오 디스플레이 장치, 햅틱 암마스터 장비, 3차원 음향장비 등으로 구성되어 있어, 사용자에서 시각적인 측면에서 뿐만 아니라 촉각, 청각과 같은 여러 가지 측면에서 다중현실감을 제시할 수 있다. 자동차 시제품 평가 실험을 통하여 사용자가 실제 자동차가 아닌 가상의 자동차 시제품을 관찰하고, 만져보고, 주행해 봄으로써 더욱 높은 몰입감과 현실감으로 자동차 조작장치의 조작성을 평가할 수 있음을 입증하였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.763-770
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• 1997

The air abrasive technique is a non-mechanical method by which teeth are treated before restoration and stains and calculi are removed from tooth surfaces using the kinetic energy of small particles. The air abrasive technique in dentistry was first introduced in the 1950's with as instrument called 'Airdent'. But, as the main restorative materials of the period were amalgam and gold, and the instrument's inability to control the flow of particles caused the particles to be spread throughout the clinics, widespread use was not possible. In the 1990's, as these techincal problems were solved and more interest in new restorative materials rose in an effort to preserve sound tooth structure, new developements took place in instruments related to the air abrasive technique. The air abrasive technique produces less pressure, vibration and heat that might cause patient discomfort and facilitates the preservation of sound tooth structure. It also reduces the need for anesthesia and is less harmful to the pulp. Other advantages include increase in dentin bonding strength of composite resin, lower possibility of saliva contamination and maintenance of a dry field. But there is not direct contact between the nozzle and the tooth, the operator cannot use his or her tactile sense and must rely solely upon visual input. Other disadvantages are: the tooth preparation depends on the operator's ability; alpha-alumina particles, after bouncing off the tooth surface, cause damage to dental mirrors; the equipment is expensive and takes up a certain amount of space in the clinic. The author conducted case report using the air abrasive technique on patient visiting the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Seoul National University Dental Hospital and arrived at the following conclusions. 1. The tooth preparation capability of different air abrasive devices varied widely among manufacturers. 2. It was more effective in treating early caries lesions and stains compared to lesions where caries had already progressed to produce soft dentin. 3. The cold stream and noise caused by the evacuation system was a major cause of discomfort to pediatric patients. 4. As there is no direct contact with tooth surface when using the air abrasive technique for tooth preparation, considerable experience and skill is required for proper tooth preparation.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

서구에서는 인체의 오감 중 시각을 가장 중요하게 여기고 있으나, 시각중심주의적 사고는 많은 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 시각중심주의는 주체를 특권화하며, 다른 감각들과의 상호작용을 억제하면서 세계에 대한 경험을 시각 영역에 한정한다. 그러나 경험은 다양한 양식의 '만짐'으로써 이해될 수 있으며, 감촉성과 관련이 있다. 현대조경에서는 시각중심주의에 반하여 신체의 다감각적 측면에 관심이 고조되면서 외부공간에서 신체의 개입이 중요한 이슈가 되었다. 본 연구는 주체의 능동적 체험을 촉발하는 촉지적 지각 체제에 대한 가능성을 탐구한다. 촉지적 지각은 주체의 능동적 체험을 이끄는 촉매적 역할을 수행하며, 이러한 촉지적 지각을 통해 주체는 장소성을 체험한다. 촉지적 지각은 다양한 감각의 동시성과 상호작용을 통하여 촉각을 통해 알고 있던 것을 드러냄으로써 능동적인 참여를 이끌어낸다. 촉지적 지각 체제는 다양한 분야에서 연구되었으나, 조경 분야에서는 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구는 모더니즘 이전에 나타난 조경에 한하여 촉지적 지각의 양상에 관하여 논하고자 한다. 촉지적 지각에 대한 이론적 배경에서는 선행연구 및 문헌 고찰을 통하여 촉지적 지각의 개념을 명확히 하고, 촉지적 지각의 특성을 도출한 연후, 시각중심주의 체제의 문제점과 촉지적 지각의 필요성을 논하다. 촉지적 지각의 역사적 전개 과정에서는 시각 체제의 변화 과정을 시대순으로 살펴보며, 시각중심적 사고와 반-시각중심적 사고가 각 시대의 건축과 조경에 어떻게 투영되었는지를 문헌 및 사례를 통하여 고찰한다. 이후, 시대적 변화 과정에서 시각 체제가 조경 분야에 미친 영향을 고찰한다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2016

화장품 사용 전후의 피부 상태는 주로 시각과 촉각 및 피부 구조에 기초한 정성적, 정량적 방법에 의해 평가되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 화장품을 피부에 도포할 때 문지름으로 인한 마찰 소음이 발생한다는 사실을 기반으로, 피부 문지름에서 발생하는 소리를 측정하여 청각을 기반으로 하는 새로운 피부 상태 평가법을 개발하고자 하였다. 우선 무향 조건에서 고감도의 계측용 마이크로폰을 사용하여 피부를 문질렀을 때 발생하는 소리를 계측하였으며, 주파수 영역(1/3 옥타브 스펙트럼) 해석법을 이용하여 세정 전, 세정 후, 화장품 도포 후의 세 가지 피부 조건에 따른 소리의 스펙트럼 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 세정 전보다 세정 후에 피부 문지름에서 발생하는 소리의 세기가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 화장품 도포 후에는 문지름 소음의 총 세기가 가장 작음을 확인하였다. 또한, 화장품 도포 후는 도포 전과 비교해볼 때, 2 kHz 미만의 저주파 대역의 에너지는 증가하며 반대로 2 kHz 이상의 고주파 영역의 에너지는 상대적으로 감소하는 변곡점이 발생하였다. 화장품 도포 후에 변곡점 근처에서 에너지 차이가 반전되는 이러한 현상은 피부의 물리적 모델인 풍선으로 해석되며, 저주파 영역에서의 소리 세기의 증가를 설명하기 위해 "유연함 지표"를 도입하고, 고주파 영역에서의 소리 세기의 감소를 설명하기 위해서는 "부드러움 지표"를 도입하였다. 그리고, 이러한 소리 측정을 통한 유연함 증가와 부드러움 증가는 각각 cutometer와 primos을 사용한 피부 유연함 측정과 피부 거칠기 측정 결과와 유사함을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 통해 유연함과 부드러움 지표를 사용하는 청각에 기초한 평가 방법은 새로운 피부 상태 평가법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2005

한국형 인공시각장치 개발 목적으로 토끼망막을 사용하여 차후 개발될 인공시각장치에 인가하기 위한 적절한 전기자극 파라미터를 추출하는 실험을 수행하였다. 유전적 망막변성모델인 RD mouse (rd/rd (C3H/HeJ))를 망막질환모델로 사용하기 앞서 본 연구에서는 SD rat을 사용하여 설치류의 생후성숙기간 동안 변화하는 망막신경절세포의 빛 자극에 대한 변화 양상을 전반적으로 파악하는 control 실험을 하였다. 망막신경절세포의 흥분파는 8${\times}$8의 MEA (multi- electrode array)로 기록하였다. 개안 이전시기(pre-eye opening period)인 생후 15일까지는 망막신경절세포의 자발적 집단발사현상 (moving spontaneous bursts)이 옮겨 다니는 것을 발견하였다. 이 시기의 쥐들은 시각기능이 완성되지 않아 빛 자극에 의해 유발되는 흥분파를 보이지 않으며 오로지 이들의 촉각(tactile sense)에 의하여서만 이동하는 것을 관찰하였다. 그러나 생후 2주(post-eye opening period)가 지나면, 빛 자극에 의해 ON, OFF, ON/OFF 반응이 유발됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 전체적인 ON, OFF, 그리고 ON/OFF 망막신경절세포의 양상은 각각 $40\%,\;50\%,\;5\%$였으며, 이들 세포가 확인된 안구에서의 해부학적인 위치는 등쪽 관자방향(dorso-temporal)이 $50\%$, 배쪽 방향(ventral)이 $37.5\%$, 그리고 등쪽 코 방향(dorso-nasal)이 $12.5\%$로 나타났다. 설치류 망막을 대상으로 빛 자극에 의한 반응을 알아보는 실험을 할 때 생후 2${\~}$3주령이 가장 적합한 시기임을 확인하였다. 것이 바람직하다고 판단되었다.의한 발아촉진 효과는 종피의 탈색과 부식으로 인한 광흡수의 증대에서 기인되는 것으로 추측된다.3월 8일과 3월 15일 피복처리구의 그린업이 가장 효과적이었다. 한국잔디 및 한지형 잔디의 비닐 피복으로 인한 초봄 그린업 촉진시 유의할 점은 충분한 수분 유지를 위해 비닐 피복전에 관수를 하거나 비온 후에 비닐 피복하는 것이 좋으며, 비닐 제거시 잔디의 일소현상의 피해를 줄이기 위해 흐린날 비닐을 제거하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단되었다.유발식이 급여로 $524\%$가 증가된 동맥경화지수는 질경이 에틸아세테이트 분획 병합투여로 대조군에 비하여 $40.2\%,\;51.2\%$가 감소됨으로써 동맥경화 발병 위험율이 대조군에 비하여 감소되었다. HDL-콜레스테롤 함량/총콜레스테롤 함량 비는 고콜레스테롤혈증 유발 식이 급여로 정상군보다 $73.9\%$가 감소됐으나 질경이 에틸아세테이트 분획 병합투여로 대조군에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타냈다. 26두가 발정 반응($96.3\%$)을 나타내어 2.75${\~}$3.5의 경우가 2.50 이하의 경우에 비하여 높은 발정반응을 나타내었다.osterone과 0.40의 정의 상관이었고 근내지방도와 creatinine 농도간에는 -0.55의 비교적 높은 음의 상관계수가 추정되었으나 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 6. 한우 비거세우의 도살시 혈청 성분 농도와 도체형질과의 상관에서 육량지수는 연령에 대해 보정한 HDLC 농도와 -0.71의 음의 상관이었으며, 도체율은 globulin과 0.70의 높은 정의 상관이었고, 등지방두께는 연령으로 보정된 HDLC와 0.69로 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 도체중은 triglyceride와 0.51의 정의 상관, 배최장근단면적은 testosterone과 -0.91,

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.151-165
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• 2008

Objectives : To evaluate the effects of Head Acupuncture versus Upper and Lower Limbs Acupuncture on signal activation of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent(BOLD) fMRI on the Brain and Somatosensory Cortex. Subjects and Methods : 10 healthy normal right-handed female volunteer were recruited. The average age of the 10 subjects was 30 years old. The BOLD functional MRI(fMRI) signal characteristics were determined during tactile stimulation was conducted by rubbing 4 acu-points in the right upper and lower limbs($LI_1$, $LI_{10}$, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$). After stimulation of Head Acupuncture in Sishencong($HN_1$), $GB_{18}$, $GB_9$, $TH_{20}$ of Left versus Upper and Lower Limbs Acupuncture($LI_1$, $LI_{10}$, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$ of Right) and took off needles. Then the BOLD fMRI signal characteristics were determined at the same manner. Results : 1. When touched with cotton buds(sensory stimulation), left Parietal Lobe, Post-central Gyrus, primary somatosensory cortex(BA 1, 2, 3), and primary motor cortex(BA 4) were mainly activated. When $ST_{36}$ was stimulated, Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Cerebellum, and Posterior Lobe as well as Inter-Hemispheric displaying a variety of regions. 2. In signal activation before and after Head Acupuncture reaction, it showed signal activation after removing the acupuncture needle and right Somatosensory Association Cortex, Postcentral Gyrus, and Parietal Lobe were more activated. 3. In reactions of before and after Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture, it also showed signal activation after removing the acupuncture needle and bilateral Occipital Lobe, Lingual Gyrus, visual association cortex, and Cerebellum were activated. 4. After acupuncture stimulation, In Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture Group, left frontal Lobe, Precentral Gyrus and Bilateral parietal lobe, Postcentral Gyrus and Primary Somatosensory Cortex(BA 2) were activated. In Head Acupuncture Group, which has most similar activation regions, but especially right Pre-Post central Gyrus, Primary Somatosensory Cortex(BA 3), Primary Motor Cortex, frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe were activated. Conclusions : When sensory stimulation was done with cotton buds on four acup-points($LI_1$, $LI_{10}4, $LV_3$, $ST_{36}$), while bilaterally activated, contralateral sense was more dominant. It showed consistency with cerebral cortex function. When $ST_{36}$ was stimulated Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Cerebellum, Posterior Lobe as well as Inter-Hemispheric were stimulated. In Head Acupuncture, it showed more contralateral activation after acupuncture. In Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture, it showed typically contralateral activation and deactivation of limbic system after acupuncture stimulation. Therefore, there were different fMRI BOLD signal activation reaction before and after Head Acupuncture vs Upper and Lower Limb Acupuncture which might be thought to be caused by acu-points' sensitivity and different sensory receptor to response acupuncture stimulation.