• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.761-768
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• 2013

Removal of COD and TSS from rice mill wastewater was investigated using continuous electrocoagulation method (CEC). The electrical energy consumption (EEC) of the process was also examined in order to evaluate the economic viability. The Box-Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to investigate the effects of major operating variables. Initial pH, current density, electrode distance and flow rate were selected as independent variables in BBD while COD removal, TSS removal and EEC were considered as the response functions. The predicted values of responses obtained using the response function was in good agreement with the experimental data. Optimum operating conditions were found to be pH of 7, current density of 15 mA $cm^{-2}$, electrode distance of 5 cm and flow rate of 70 ml/min. Under these conditions, greater than 89% removal of COD and TSS were obtained with EEC value of 7 KWh.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2003

The purpose of this research is to develop a virtual reality system which enables to actually experience the virtual reality through the visual sense of human. TSS was applied in tracing the movement of moving picture in this research. By applying TSS, it was possible to calculate multiple motion vectors from moving picture, and then camera's motion parameters were obtained by utilizing the relationship between the motion vectors. For the purpose of experiencing the virtual reality by synchronizing the camera's accelerated velocity and the simulator's movements, the relationship between the value of camera's accelerated velocity and the simulator's movements was analyzed and its result was applied to the neutral network training. It has been proved that the proposed virtual reality immersion system in this dissertation can dynamically control the movements of moving picture and can also operate the simulator quite similarly to the real movements of moving picture.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2013

The current expanding mobile markets incessantly demands small form factor, low power consumption and high aggregate throughput for silicon-level integration such as memory to logic system. One of emerging solution for meeting this high market demand is 3D through silicon stacking (TSS) technology. Main challenges to bring 3D TSS technology to the volume production level are establishing a cost effective supply chain and building a reliable manufacturing processes. In addition, this technology inherently help increase number of IOs and shorten interconnect length. With those benefits, however, potential signal and power integrity risks are also elevated; increase in PDN inductance, channel loss on substrate, crosstalk and parasitic capacitance. This paper will report recent progress of wide IO memory to high count TSV logic device assembly development work. 28 nm node TSV test vehicles were fabricated by the foundry and assembled. Successful integration of memory wide IO chip with less than a millimeter package thickness form factor was achieved. For this successful integration, we discussed potential signal and power integrity challenges. This report demonstrated functional wide IO memory to 28 nm logic device assembly using 3D package architecture with such a thin form factor.

• Language and Information
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-136
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• 2004

In this paper, we have proposed Auto- TSS, an automatic transcription module of three ambiguous symbols-period (．), colon (:) and slash (／)--using their linguistic contexts. Few previous studies have discussed the problems of ambiguities in reading those symbols into Korean alphabetic letters in order to improve the current Korean TTS (Text-To-Speech) systems. We have classified 9 different reading formulae of the three symbols, analyzed their left and right contexts, and investigated selection rules and distributions between the symbols and their contexts. Based on these linguistic features, 30 stereotyped patterns, 53 rules and 5 heuristics determining the types of reading formulae are investigated for Auto-TSS. This module works modularly in 4 steps. The pilot test was conducted with three test suites, which contain respectively 6,979, 3,491 and 2,450 morpheme clusters containing at least one of three ambiguous symbols and Arabic numeral(s). Encouraging results of 94.3%, 93.0%, 94.2% accuracy were obtained for the test suites. Our next phases are to develop a guessing routine for unknown contexts of the union symbols by using statistical information; to refine the proper nouns and terminology detecting module; and to apply Auto-TSS on a larger scale.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.591-597
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• 2022

Objective : Pituitary adenomas frequently extend into the suprasellar space. After a suprasellar tumor is removed, the superiorly extended arachnoid becomes redundant and sinks down into the intrasellar space which often hiders visualization and accessibility to the hidden space behind the evaginated arachnoid. We introduced arachnoid remodeling by clipping technique, and evaluated its usefulness and safety during TSS. Methods : Total 223 patients who underwent arachnoid remodeling with our new clipping technique were included. Redundant arachnoid was clipped along the dural edge with multiple 2.6-mm titanium clips until the redundant arachnoid membrane no longer blocked the surgical route. To check for possible deterioration of hormonal function by this technique, we assessed anterior pituitary function of 166 patients who underwent arachnoid remodeling by clipping and compared this with those of other 429 control patients. Results : Our technique greatly enhanced the accessibility and visualization of intrasellar and parasellar spaces, both of which are generally hindered by redundant arachnoid during transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). We found no difference in anterior pituitary function between a clip-assisted arachnoid remodeling group and the control group, implying that this technique does not result in hypopituitarism. Conclusion : During TSS for pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension, arachnoid remodeling by clipping technique is very useful and convenient for the management of the redundant arachnoid membrane to enhance visualization and surgical accessibility.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.269-287
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• 2023

The genus-level biotic index of benthic macroinvertebrates (Benthic Macroinvertebrates Genus Index, BMGI) was developed and applicated based on the data collected from 13,347 sampling units of 814 sites from 2010 to 2021 in Korea. Tolerant values of 274 indicator taxa were established by analyzing the relationship between the relative frequency and abundance of indicator taxa and the water quality index considering biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS), and total phosphorus (T-P). BMGI showed a slightly higher correlation with water quality than the species-level biotic index (Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index, BMI) that was developed and applied in Korea. Although the BMGI does not contain species-level information, the reason why BMGI shows higher applicability than BMI seems to be due to the increase in the number of indicator taxa and the decrease in the misidentification of immature aquatic insects. The coefficient of determination in multiple regression with BOD₅, TSS, and TP for BMGI was 0.62 in the long-term averaged data of 814 sites, and the standardized coefficient of BOD₅ was -0.46, TSS was -0.17 and T-P was -0.21, respectively. As a result of the evaluation by BMGI, of the 814 sites, 38% were in good, 25% in fair, and 37% in poor condition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1385-1394
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• 2024

Collagenolytic proteases are widely used in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. Mesophilic collagenases exhibit collagenolytic activity under physiological conditions, but have limitations in efficiently degrading collagen-rich wastes, such as collagen from fish scales, at high temperatures due to their poor thermostability. Bacterial collagenolytic proteases are members of various proteinase families, including the bacterial collagenolytic metalloproteinase M9 and the bacterial collagenolytic serine proteinase families S1, S8, and S53. Notably, the C-terminal domains of collagenolytic proteases, such as the pre-peptidase C-terminal domain, the polycystic kidney disease-like domain, the collagen-binding domain, the proprotein convertase domain, and the β-jelly roll domain, exhibit collagen-binding or -swelling activity. These activities can induce conformational changes in collagen or the enzyme active sites, thereby enhancing the collagen-degrading efficiency. In addition, thermostable bacterial collagenolytic proteases can function at high temperatures, which increases their degradation efficiency since heat-denatured collagen is more susceptible to proteolysis and minimizes the risk of microbial contamination. To date, only a few thermophile-derived collagenolytic proteases have been characterized. TSS, a thermostable and halotolerant subtilisin-like serine collagenolytic protease, exhibits high collagenolytic activity at 60℃. In this review, we present and summarize the current research on A) the classification and nomenclature of thermostable and mesophilic collagenolytic proteases derived from diverse microorganisms, and B) the functional roles of their C-terminal domains. Furthermore, we analyze the cleavage specificity of the thermostable collagenolytic proteases within each family and comprehensively discuss the thermostable collagenolytic protease TSS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.557-565
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• 2012

In this research, it was analyzed that the effect of the non-point source pollution that occurs in the lower reaches of the livestock area. The analysis on the hydro- and polluto-graphs showed that the concentration of pollution gradually increased as the flow rate increased and, after reaching the peak flow rate, the flow rate dropped drastically. For Event Mean Concentration (EMC), in the lower reaches of livestock area, TSS EMC was 146.80~424.95 mg/L, COD EMC 11.64~55.66 mg/L, BOD EMC 6.66~49.88 mg/L, T-N EMC 7.650~43.825 mg/L and T-P EMC 0.711~3.855 mg/L. According to the results of the analysis on the correlations between pollutants, TSS and BOD, COD, T-N and T-P had correlations at a 0.53~0.95 confidence level. In addition, according to the result of the analysis on the correlations between EMC (mg/L) and storm runoff ($m^3$), the correlation was well explained by a Cubic regression. In addition, among the determination coefficients, TSS and T-N were relatively high, at 0.767~0.835 and 0.773~0.901 respectively, which indicates that EMC goes up as the storm runoff increases. Therefore, it is expected that EMC can be forecasted according to the amount of runoff ($m^3$). The results of this research will be a practical information for the assessment of the non-point source pollution that occurs in the lower reaches of the livestock area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 1999

The feasibility of an absorbent biofilter system was examined for rural wastewater treatment. Hydraulic loading rates varied from 50 to 250 cm/day. Effluent of the septic tank was fed into the absorbent biofilter, and small ventilation fan was provided to supply air at the rate of 250 L/min to aerate the biofilter. The biofilter system demonstrated high removal rates for $BOD_5$ and TSS at the loading rate of 150 cm/day, generally meeting the Korean effluent water quality standard of 20 mg/L applicable to both. The nutrient removal was less satisfactory than the results of $BOD_5$ and TSS, but it was within the expected range of biological treatment processes. Considering the abnormally high influent concentration of nutrients during the experiment, better performance results could have been obtained if ordinary domestic wastewater was used. The system performance was not significantly affected by the hydraulic loading up to 150 cm/day, which is far more than the loading limit of the sand filter systems. Maintenance requirement was minimal, and no problems with noise, odor, flies or sludge arose. Since the biofilter system can be operated at a distance, operation in remote rural area and multi-system connected to one control office might be advantageous to the rural area. Overall, considering the cost-effectiveness, stable performance, and minimum maintenance, the biofilter system was thought to be a competitive alternative to treat wastewater in Korean rural communities.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2011

The stormwater runoff from road or expressway is known as one of important nonpoint pollution sources. To reduce the pollutants discharge from road or expressway, many best management practices(BMPs) have been applied and planned. Among the BMPs, road sweeping can be effective way to prevent pollutant washoff to environment. This study is performed to evaluate the characteristics of particles collected from the road by sweeping car. Size distribution and pollutant concentration of particles were analyzed. Based on the pollutant concentration and the specification of road such as length, width, and unit for pollutant generation, total amount of pollutant to be removed by road sweeping was estimated. Most of sediments collected by road sweeping was classified into sandy soil and fraction of fine grained soil was low. Although the concentrations of pollutants such as heavy metals in road sediments did not exceed the soil contamination criteria, washout of pollutants during sweeping work by spraying water might cause leaching of pollutants contained in sediments and thus resulted in low pollutant concentrations. Reduced amounts of pollutant by road sweeping showed 31.4% TSS reduction for ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ region and 7.7% TSS for ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ region. Other pollutants showed low reduction rate, because of their leaching by water spraying. Results from this study indicate that detailed and well-planned investigation for the road sweeping is necessary for the accurate estimation of pollutant reduction from road or expressway.