• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.52-52
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• 1995

The temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric transmissivity and depletion rate of solar radiation are investigated, and are compared to the concentration of several components of air pollution. The length of the data span is 11 years from 1983 to 1993. The data of radiation and sunshine rate recorded at 20 meteorological standard stations were used, and in order to investigate a relationship between the depletion rate of solar radiation and air pollution, the concentration data of air pollution observed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon and Kwangju were compiled from 1991 to 1993. Regression coefficient a and b vary from 0.100 to 0.209, from 0.464 to 0.691, and their means are 0.163 and 0.533, respectively. Climatological atmospheric transmissivity is ranged from 0.68 to 0.83, and its mean is 0.75. Atmospheric transmissivity is relatively low in Pusan, Taejon, Kwangju and Inchon which have large population and are highly industrialized. However, that in Chinju, Mokpo, Cheju and Sosan appears to be large compared to the aforementioned stations. Insolation rate of clear days varies from 0.71 to 0.58, and its mean is 0.63. Insolation rate of Kangnung and Chinju are higher than those of Seoul and Pusan by 5%. From the correlation coefficients between depletion rate of solar radiation and air pollution concentration, the most significant factors related to the depletion rate of solar radiation is appeared to be TSP followed by $SO_2$. Ozone shows a negative correlation, End $NO_2$ does not show a obvious correlation with the depletion rate of solar radiation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.437-446
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• 1995

The temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric transmissivity and depletion rate of solar radiation are investigated, and are compared to the concentration of several components of air pollution. The length of the data span is 11 years from 1983 to 1993. The data of radiation and sunshine rate recorded at 20 meteorological standard stations were used, and in order to investigate a relationship between the depletion rate of solar radiation and air pollution, the concentration data of air pollution observed in Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Taejon and Kwangju were compiled from 1991 to 1993. Regression coefficient a and b vary from 0.100 to 0.209, from 0.464 to 0.691, and their means are 0.163 and 0.533, respectively. Climatological atmospheric transmissivity is ranged from 0.68 to 0.83, and its mean is 0.75. Atmospheric transmissivity is relatively low in Pusan, Taejon, Kwangju and Inchon which have large population and are highly industrialized. However, that in Chinju, Mokpo, Cheju and Sosan appears to be large compared to the aforementioned stations. Insolation rate of clear days varies from 0.71 to 0.58, and its mean is 0.63. Insolation rate of Kangnung and Chinju are higher than those of Seoul and Pusan by 5%. From the correlation coefficients between depletion rate of solar radiation and air pollution concentration, the most significant factors related to the depletion rate of solar radiation is appeared to be TSP followed by $SO_2$. Ozone shows a negative correlation, End $NO_2$ does not show a obvious correlation with the depletion rate of solar radiation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.52-57
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the air pollution in Hwasoon Nulitjae tunnel for two months, from August 1992 to September 1992. The total suspended particles were collected by high volume air sampler at inside and outside of Hwasoon Nulitjae tunnel, of which major water soluble component and heavy metalic element were analyzed. Size distribution and respirable mass fraction of aerosol at inside were measured by filters on nine stages Andersen air sampler. The average concentration of TSP at inside was 657.57 $\mu$g/m$^3$, which appeared about 9.2 times as high as that of 71.47 $\mu$g/m$^3$ at outside. The decrease effect caused by using new tunnel was 31.2%. As a result of correlation analysis between concentration of TSP at inside of Hwasoon Nulitjae tunnel and that at outside, correlation coefficient was 0.713. The average concentrations of SO$_4^{2-}$ , NO$_3^-$, CI$^-$ were 43.02 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 19.86 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 4.96 $\mu$g/m$^3$, those of NH$_4^+$, Na$^+$, K$^+$ 1.42 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 4.45 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 2.89 $\mu$g/m$^3$ and those of Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, Pb$^{2+}$ 3.92 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 2.27 $\mu$g/m$^3$. 1.52 $\mu$g/m$^3$, respectively. It was estimated that mass fraction rate of respirable particle at inside was about 84.54% of aerosol. The average concentration of suspended particle to be collected by Andersen sampler was 478.90 $\mu$g/m$^3$, this was about 72.8% of that by high volume air sampler.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.304-315
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• 2008

The total suspended particles (TSP) collected at the 1100 site of Mt. Halla have shown higher compositions for the anthropogenic components followed by marine and soil originated ones. The concentrations of the soil originated nss-$Ca^{2+}$, Al, Fe, Ca components have been increased in spring, and the anthropogenic $NH{_4}^+$, $K^+$, nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ components showed high concentrations in June. Meanwhile, the concentration of $NO{_3}^-$ as same as nss-$Ca^{2+}$ was higher in spring. It's likely due to the influence of its long-range transport from China. Compared to the non-Asian Dust periods, the concentrations of nss-$Ca^{2+}$, Al, Ca, and Fe have been increased 7.2~9.5 times in Asian Dust storm periods, and those of nss-$SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO{_3}^-$ were 1.3 and 3.8 times, respectively. From the factor analysis, the TSP compositions were influenced mainly by anthropogenic emission sources, followed by oceanic and soil sources. The backward trajectory analysis has shown that the concentrations of the anthropogenic and soil components were increased when the air parcels had been moved into Jeju island via China in a northwesterly wind.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.601-614
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• 2013

The commercial charcoal kiln was projected the largest source of biomass burning sector in Korea. Commercial charcoal kiln was operated to emit air pollutants into the air without any air pollution prevention equipment. The object of this field survey was to understand characteristics of air pollutants concentration and emission factors and to provide preliminary data for effective processor from oak charcoal manufacturing process. As result of field survey, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration from charcoal kiln were 400~37,000 $mg/m^3$. These values were over the 100 $mg/m^3$ in TSP, this value was effluent quality standard of Clean Air Conservation Act. The average concentration of CO, $SO_2$ and TVOC were 2~5%. 0~110 ppm and 820~10,000 ppm respectively. The emission factors were 42.4 g-PM/kg-oak in TSP, 40.3 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{10}$, 38.2 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{2.5}$, 182.5 g-CO/kg-oak, 1.0 g-NO/kg-oak, $SO_2$ 0.2 g-$SO_2/kg$-oak and 104.4 g-TVOC/kg-oak. The part of commercial charcoal kiln had air pollution prevention equipment but it was difficult to work properly. Much wood tar excreted in exhaust emissions from oak charcoal manufacturing process. This wood tar was cause of many troubles sticking in the air pollutant prevention equipment. For handling particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants from oak charcoal manufacturing process in biomass burning, air pollutant prevention equipment design and management needs preprocessor for removal wood tar.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 1995

To investigate the background concentration of air pollutants (SO_2,\;CO,\;NO_2,\;O_3,\;TSP)$ and the composition of atmospheric aerosols, air samplings using teflon bags and a high volume air sampler were accomplished from 7 to 8 lune 1991 (first time) and from 25 to 26 June 1992 (second time) at the top of Dokdo island, Korea. During observation periods, mean concentrations of $SO_2,\;CO'\;NO_2\;and\;O_3$ gases were 2.3 ppb, 5.57 ppm, 6 ppb and 7 ppb, respectively, and mean concentration of TSP using a high volume air sampler was $153{\mu}g/m^3$. The composition of atmospheric aerosols by SEM-EMAX analyses were mostly Na, Cl and Si, and their sizes were more than $1{\mu}m$ diameter. From the results, it is found that atmospheric background values at Dokdo island is influenced by oceanic water quality evaporated from sea surface water, and this island has to be used as a stationary observation site for meteorological and air quality data.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2011

The ionic compositions of atmospheric aerosols were investigated and characterized in coastal and mountainous sites of Jeju Island, which were Gosan and Mt. Halla-1100 sites respectively. It was found that the concentrations of nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ (non-sea salt sulfate) and $NH_4^+$ at two measurement sites were almost similar and they showed high concentrations in June at the same time. The concentration of soil-originated nss-$Ca^{2+}$ (non-sea salt calcium) was generally associated with that of anthropogenic $NO_3^-$ and its concentration was increased during spring season. From the comparison of time-series variation and regression analysis of ionic species between two measurement sites, TSP (total suspended particulate) in Gosan site was directly influenced by sea salt particles and the concentration levels of nss-$SO_4^{2-}$, $NH_4^+$, nss-$Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $NO_3^-$ were mainly related with long-range transported air pollutants rather than local pollution sources.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the collecting efficiency of cyclone deduster installed in weaned piglet building in third weeks of age. There are two peaks of high level of dust concentration in piglet house at the time of 09:00~10:00(5,322$\mu g/m^3$) and 19:00~20:00(6,763$\mu g/m^3$), but the peaks of dust concentration in the building used cyclone deduster was decreased to 3,614.8 and 2,229.5$\mu g/m^3$, respectively. Collecting efficiency of total suspended particulate(TSP), particulate matter less than 10$\mu\textrm{m}$(PM 10) and particulate matter less than 2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$(PM 2.5) in weaned piglet building used in cyclone deduster was 38.3%, 32.5, 21.8, respectively. Aerial dust in weaned piglet building by number basis in the range of 0.745~1.08$\mu\textrm{m}$ was 53.5%. But dust distribution over 10$\mu\textrm{m}$ in volume basis was 82.8% and 86.2%. Crude protein of dust was 25.9~32.7%, and it was higher than feed crude protein(22.0%). Heavy metal concentration of dust was also high level compare to that of feed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.310-320
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• 2014

Backgrounds: Endotoxin, which found in the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria cell wall, makes up almost all of the lipopolysaccharide(LPS). When people are exposed to endotoxin,it can result in diverse health effects such as an airway irritation and inflammation, fever, malaise, bronchitis, allergic asthma, toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity lung disease. Cases among the elderly, children or pregnant can occur more frequently than a healthy adult if they are repeatedly exposed to the existing endotoxin. Therefore, we investigated and assessed the environmental characteristics associated with the airborne endotoxin concentration level in six hospital lobbies. Method: Endotoxin from indoor air in six hospital lobbies was measured by an area sampling method and analyzed according to American Society for Testing and Materials International(ASTM international) E2144-01. Total suspended particulate(TSP), carbon dioxide($CO_2$), temperature and humidity were also measured by using direct reading measurements or airborne sampling equipment at the same time. Environmental characteristics were appropriately divided into two or three groups for a statistics analysis. One-way analysis variable(one-way ANOVA) was used to examine a difference of the endotoxin concentration, depending on the environmental characteristics. In addition, only variables with p-value(p<0.25) were eventually designed to the best model by using multiple regression analysis. Results: The correlation analysis result indicated that TSP(p=0.003) and $CO_2$(p<0.0001) levels were significantly associated with endotoxin concentration levels. In contrast, temperature(p<0.068) and humidity(p<0.365) were not associated with endotoxin concentration. Levels of endotoxin concentration were statistically different among the environmental characteristics of Service time(p=0.01), Establishment of hospital(p<0.001), Scale of hospital(p=0.01), Day average people using hospital(p=0.03), Cleaning time of lobby(p=0.05), Season(p<0.001), and Cleaning of ventilation system(p<0.001) according to ANOVA. Finally, the best model(Adjusted R-square=72%) that we designed through a multiple regression test included environmental characteristics related to Service time, Area of lobby, Season, Cleaning of ventilation system, and Temperature. Conclusions: According to this study, our result showed a normal level of endotoxin concentration in the hospital lobbies and found environmental management methods to reduce the level of endotoxin concentration to a minimum. Consequently, this study recognized to be requirement for the management of ventilation systems and an indoor temperature in order to reduce the level of endotoxin concentration in the hospital lobbies.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.697-711
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• 2004

Severe haze, mist, and fog phenomena occurred in the central part of Korea during 15~25 May 2003 resulted in poor visibility and air quality. When these phenomena occurred, Korean peninsula was under the effects of anticyclone. The atmosphere was stable, and wind speed was so weak. Under this meteorological conditions, air quality was worse and worse. The characteristics of aerosol in Seoul, Incheon, and Gosan (Jeju) during this period are investigated from the $PM_{10}$. TSP concentrations and aerosol number concentrations. Concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and TSP measured at KMA increased upto 176 and 230 J.${\mu}g/m^3$ on 22 May 2003, respectively. Aerosol number concentrations of size range from 0.82 to 6.06 ${\mu}m$ increased in Seoul on 17, 19, and 21~24 May 2003, and the concentrations of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$had maximum value of 0.165 ppm at Gwanak Mt. and 0.036 ppm at Guro-dong on 23 May 2003, respectively. Result from analysis on heavy metal elements showed high concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Cd during 20~24 May 2003. This event is examined by comprehensive analyses of synoptic weather conditions, satellite images, concentrations of suspended particles and air pollutants, and heavy metal elements.