• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.779-797
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• 2017

Recently, underground road construction is attracting attention because the ground transportation facilities in the urban area have reached the saturation level and traffic volume has increased and the air pollution has risen. Construction of underground roads is not only reduce trafficjam in downtown but also design the city eco-friendly, so existing roads as well as new roads go underground. It is essential to construct divergence tunnels that serve as IC (interchage) and JC (Junction) when constructing underpasses. Therefore, the analysis of the effect of the existing tunnel by the divergence tunnel should be considered. In this study, numerical analysis is performed to analyze the effect of existing tunnel on the excavation of the divergence tunnel. The divergence tunnels were set in 5 cases at $45^{\circ}$ intervals in the clockwise direction starting from the lower part of the existing tunnel. In each case, numerical analyses were carried out by using the DCM (Displacement Controlled Model) for applying the volume loss of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. As a result, when the volume loss increased, the effect on displacement, fracture range, and effect on stability increased as well. In addition, it was confirmed that the divergence tunnel located directly underneath is the weakest for the stability, and the case where the divergence tunnel is located diagonally rather than the vertical and horizontal direction is found to be vulnerable to displacement and lining destruction.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.85-97
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• 2009

Continuous increase of traffic demand has caused confirmed congestion, fuel consumption, emission, safety, etc. as serious social problems at the present time. The Smart Highway Project has been conducted by the supervision of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affaire to solve such problems since 2007. The Smart Highway Project includes LDWS (Lane Departure Warning System), a system to prevent broadside collisions and accidents, as a sub-technology of road-vehicle associating technologies. This system warns drivers when their vehicle deviates from the lane where they are traveling at high-speed on the highway. In this paper, the LDWS was evaluated using CBA to analyze the socio-economic consequences. Estimated benefits include reduction of accidents and convenience of drivers. In addition, the economics according to the distribution rate is various when it comes to Lane Departure Warning Technology, the economics of both cases - positive scenario and negative scenario, which was analyzed. As a result, the Benefit-Cost ratio(B/C) of negative scenario showed 0.97 in 2020 and 1.36 in 2030 while B/C ratio of the positive scenario showed 1.04 in 2020 and 1.59 in 2030, which indicated that the higher distribution rate is, the higher the economics generates. Therefore, it is judged that the introduction of Lane Departure Warning Technology will result in high economics.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.38-49
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• 2015

Seoul has 424 traffic fatalities in 2010 and 227 of them related to pedestrian crashes. In addition, it revealed that 40% of pedestrian fatalities occurred during jaywalking. Through the effective methods preventing jaywalking can save lots of people, and it can reduce social costs pertinent to pedestrian crashes. Therefore, this study is to suggest the methods preventing jaywalking through conducting literature reviews, human factors with pedestrian and vehicle characteristics, as well as geometric features of accident site or spot. Firstly, in order for examining the contributing factors of accident, this research conducts statistical analysis on pedestrian accidents specifically in jaywalking. Secondly, the analysis on human factors about pedestrian and drivers revealed that drivers with high speed play pivotal roles in pedestrian fatalities. Thirdly, Road and environment factors showed both expected and contradictory results through analyzing total numbers of lane or dry/icy pavement conditions. Consequently, this study can be used to prevent and alleviate pedestrian accidents as well as expected to be applied to future researches about pedestrian safety facilities.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.117-136
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• 1999

The geophysical survey at pre-investigation stage can hardly provide the detailed information on geological structure of site which has difficulty in access and thick overburden. The TSP (VSP applied in tunnel) survey at post-investigation stage can show the detailed geology ahead of tunnel and around cavern. The TSP survey was carried out at the Pyongtaek LPG storage cavern site during the cavern excavation and provided the location and orientation of the fault inferred below Namyangho. In order to confirm the result of TSP survey four boreholes were drilled in access tunnel. The fault was also detected by borehole survey and the location was coincided with the result of TSP survey. Depend on the result of TSP survey and core logging, the design such as cavern layout and length could have been changed. As another case history the TSP survey was performed at the Mumeuje road tunnel which has poor geological information due to thick overburden. The support design was also changed on the base of TSP survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2000

Water, waste, electric and gas facilities are urban based facilities that needed in our life and are often located in underground. Therefore, underground facilities are more difficult to manage efficiently than ground facilities. It is needed to carry out survey/probe into underground facilities and to build database in order to prevent city-misfortunes being occurred because of negligent management and in order to minimize budget-waste and a traffic jam according to repetition of road excavation constructions. Also, the development of application system is required to manage efficiently underground facility. Chonju city has launched underground water supply facility computerizing project as a part of National Geographic Information System project until December 1998 and executed survey/probe into 402.89 km water supply that is 80 mm up inside central town area 39.6 $km^2$. Also, chonju city built database into 537 km water supply that is 80 mm below based on water supply card without other survey/probe works. Also, existing work process each department is changed into GIS applied work process and underground water supply facility management system is developed by its work process basis. Water supply underground facility management system that is developed is composed of sub-system like base-map management, water supply inspect, water supply management and water supply inquiry, construction work management, administration management and map management. This research presents the procedure and method of underground water supply facility survey/probe and problem being occurred during survey/probe procedure and also show the functions of each sub-systems composing underground water supply facility management system.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.139-148
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• 2002

When the natural villages in Jeju province are incorporated into the district of city planning, they are considered to be a small-scale residential districts. Therefore, a garden city should be planned that considers the characteristics of the villages to implement an appropriate street system, to use the area effectively, and to harmonize the villages with the surrounding communities. There have been an especially large number of problems with the street system in the city of Seogwipo, which was notified as the area of natural settlement. This study analyzes the problems inherent in street planning and the present condition of roads whose construction has been postponed for a long time due to several problems including an inappropriately planned street system. Based on the research of various documents, a practical street system has been investigated. Most of the residents in natural settlement units demand use of the continued the existing roads as well as the implementation of an effective street system. They ask for street planning under which the involved construction would take only a short period of time and would result in only minimal damage to their existing properties. Therefore, the street system should be planned so as to preserve the nature-friendly features of natural settlements, their surroundings and tourism resources. Even after streets hwve been planned and their completion you has been established, the plan should be continuously evaluated, analyzed and compared with other alternatives. The street plan should continuously incorporate improvement measures which would satisfy various aspects of the street system including land use, traffic demand, and future population demands. Both the amount of money to be invested and economical efficiency should be considered for street planning since the street system has a great impact on many industries. Unnecessary costs related to excessive road construction should be avoided. The street network plan should also include the complete evaluation of the natural topography as well as the surrounding. Considering these views, the data concerning the current condition of the city and the related investigation play an important role in establishing a street plan. However, the investigation of future construction plans by the city is as of yet at a very early stage. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the investigational study of the current city development plans. The street system for the natural settlement area should be established only after the thorough investigation of all aspects of street planning. In addition, the plan should be flexible enough to consider the characteristics of Jeju.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7329-7334
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• 2015

This is to analyze of driver behavioral and the accident characteristics in rollover. The study period was January 2011 to May 2014 and the subject of study was 102 person who were drivers visited the emergency room. Research tool includes a damage information of the vehicle, accident mechanism, damage to the patient clinical information with the injury data from the ROAD Traffic Authority. For data analysis, SPSS 18.0 was used for t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square test. Injury Severity Score average score according to the vehicle type is 6.00 points in the smaller vehicle, at high vehicle 11.78 points, from the other vehicle that showed 14.70 points. Significant differences between the three groups did not show (P=.267). Men did not use a seat belt significantly compared to women(P=.007). Vehicle type and weather, this was no correlation with whether or not use the seat belt(P=.755, P=.793). But showed a tendency to smaller size vehicles drivers do not use a seat belt, the weather could see a little more inclined to use a seat belt rather than a sunny day. Finally, in rollover accidents as in other types of accident it was confirmed that the seat belt has a great influence on the damage.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2004

Product design has direct effects on sales, exciting consumer's interest in purchasing. With the draft bill of Road Traffic Law passing the National Assembly, drivers have been entirely prohibited by the law from using a cell phone while driving since June 30, 2001, As a result, the demand for and the sales of hands-free Kit products for vehicles have been skyrocketing, and more and more of them have been introduced in the market and competing each other in sales. In these situations, the study attempted to present a case study showing the whole process of product design by a small company, which intended to gain an advantage over the competitors in the sector of hands-free products for vehicles with differentiated design. The product whose design development process was presented in the study has many characteristics. Among them it is the most remarkable in removing the connection between the cell phone terminal and the stationary hands-free product. The study was aimed to increase the investment value of design by helping understand that the ultimate goal of technology is commercialization and that how great the role of design is from the beginning to the final stage of product development. It also emphasized the point that one of the goals of design development should lie in providing a more accurate perception of the importance of design to the industry, by establishing a design process throughout the whole stages of product development including initiation, designing and commercialization.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

Deicing salt is used to melt snow and ice on the road for traffic safety during the winter season, which accumulates in the roadside vegetation and induces visible injuries. The damage may accelerate particularly when it coincides with early spring leaf out. In order to better understand the response mechanisms, C. kousa (3-year-old) was irrigated twice prior to leaf bud in a rhizosphere with solutions of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) concentration, that were made by using an industrial $CaCl_2$ reagent practical deicing material in Seoul. Physiological traits of the mature leaves were progressively reduced by $CaCl_2$ treatment, resulting in reductions of total chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll a:b, photosynthetic rate, quantum yield, stomatal conductance, $F_V/F_M$, and NPQ. On the contrary, light compensation point and dark respiration were increased at high $CaCl_2$ concentration. A decrease in intercellular $CO_2$ concentration by stomatal closure first resulted in a reduced photosynthetic rate and then was accompanied by low substance metabolic rates and photochemical damage. Based on the reduction of physiological activities at all treatments ($CaCl_2$ 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0%), C. kousa was determined as one of the sensitive species to $CaCl_2$.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2009

This study developed a high strength and performance concrete pavement material with low shrinkage and reflection of sunlight. Based on the literature review, a new mix-design of applying flash ash to improve the strength and performance of the concrete as well as to reduce the dry shrinkage is suggested. In addition, adding black pigment to reduce the reflection and technique of applying OAG (Optimized Aggregate Gradation) is also included. The result of the laboratory experiment indicates that the brightness and the reflection, which depends on the ratio of black pigment addition, did not deviate from the normal range. When OAG is considered for the mix-design, the strength and performance of the concrete improved greatly. In addition, the mix-design using fly ash reduced the dry shrinkage of concrete and improved the resistance to the permeation of chloride ion. Furthermore, the mix-design, which uses fly ash (25% replacement) and black pigment (3% addition) with the application of OAG, is found to be the most effective mix to reduce the shrinkage and reflection as well as improving the strength and performance of the concrete. The result of an economic analysis indicates that the initial construction cost of this proposed mix is more expensive than that of normal concrete pavement material. However, it can be more economic in the long run because the normal concrete pavement material is likely to cost more due to higher probability of maintenance and repair and higher social cost due to traffic accident, etc.