• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1077-1084
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• 1998

게맛살의 관능적 조직감특성을 기계적인 측정방법을 이용하여 정량적으로 나타내기 위하여 Texture Analyser (TX-XT2, England)의 측정조건을 달리한 기계적 조직감 지표(T.P.A.)를 구하였으며, 그 결과를 관능검사 결과와 비교하였다. 부수적으로 어묵과의 조직감 차이도 조사하였다. 본 실험에 사용한 시료는 국내에서 제조판매되고 있는 5종류의 게맛살과 2종류의 어묵을 서울시내 백화점에서 구입하여 사용하였다. 게맛살과 어묵의 조직감에 대한 기계적 측정치는 경도 및 응집성, 특히 씹힘성과 껌성에서 어묵이 높은 값을 보이며 게맛살과 커다란 차이를 보였다. 평판 탐침의 직경변화$({\varphi}12.5\;mm,\;{\varphi}24.6\;mm)$가 맛살의 조직감 변수에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 경도와 응집성은 탐침의 직경이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며 탄력성은 감소하였다. 압착율의 변화(60, 70, 80%)에 대한 조직감 변수의 영향은 압착율이 증가시 경도는 증가한 반면 응집성과 탄력성은 감소하였다. 변형속도가 0.8에서 2.4 mm/sec로 증가함에 따라 씹힘성, 껌성, 응집성 및 경도가 약간 증가하였다. 경도, 응집성 및 씹힘성이 기계적 측정치들과 관능검사 결과들간에 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 게맛살의 조직감에 대한 관능검사를 대신할 기계적 측정조건은 시료 직경의 약 2배가 되는 직경 24.6 mm의 평판 탐침으로, 변형속도 2.4 mm/sec에서 60%의 변형율로 2회 반복압착하여 얻은 힘-거리 곡선을 분석하는 것이 본 실험 범위내에서 바람직한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the quality characteristics of Jeju mandarin orange jellies containing sugar (control) and sugar derivative sweeteners (erythritol, isomaltooligosaccharide, sorbitol, and xylitol) to be consumed by the elderly. The gelling agents were carrageenan and gellan gum at the concentration of 0.27%, respectively. The average age of the subjects for the acceptance test was 78. The lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values of the carrageenan gel were higher than those of the gellan gum gel using the same sugars. The L, a, and b values of the carrageenan gel made with sugar derivative sweeteners were higher than those of the respective gel made with sugar. Whereas there were almost no differences between the color values of the gellan gum gels made with sugar and sugar derivative sweeteners, respectively. The gelling and melting temperatures of the carrageenan gel with erythritol were highest and those of the respective gel with xylitol were lowest among the sugar derivative sweeteners. The gelling and melting temperatures of the gellan gum gels with erythritol and isomaltooligosaccharide, respectively, were lower, and those of the respective gel made with xylitol were higher compared to that with sugar. There was no break down in the gellan gum gel. The break down rate of the carrageenan gel made with isomaltooligosaccharide was highest and that of the respective gel with xylitol was lowest among the sugar derivative sweeteners. The hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and chewiness of the gellan gum gel were greater compared to the carrageenan gel. The adhesiveness levels of the carrageenan gels made with sugar derivative sweeteners were lower, and their springiness was higher than the respective gel with sugar. All the TPA characteristics of the gellan gum gels made with erythritol and xylitol, respectively, were higher than the respective gel with sugar. The rupture properties of the gels were the same as their TPA characteristics. The sensory acceptance of the carrageenan and gellan gum gels made with sugar were highest among all the sweeteners. There were no significant differences in the sensory acceptance scores of the carrageenan gels made with xylitol, erythritol, and sugar, respectively, and there were also no significant differences in the sensory acceptance scores of the gellan gum gels made with xylitol, sorbitol, and sugar, respectively. Xylitol was preferred in both the carrageenan and gellan gum gels. Thus, xylitol appears to be an appropriate alternative sweetener to sugar in Jeju mandarin orange jelly for consumption by the elderly, with regard to the acceptability and stability of the gel.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.551-562
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• 2020

Beef fat was replaced with cold press pumpkin seed oil (PSO; 0%, 5%, 15%, and 20%) in the production of bologna-type sausages. A value of pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), jelly-fat separation, emulsion stability and viscosity values were determined in meat batters. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), color, and textural characteristics (TPA, shear test, penetration test) were determined in end-product at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage at 4℃. The pH values were varied between 6.06 and 6.08. With the increase in the level of PSO in meat batters, there was a significant increase in WHC, jelly-fat separation and viscosity values (p<0.05) while a significant decrease in emulsion stability (p<0.05). TBARS values of sausages were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05), and this trend continued during storage. Increasing of PSO level were caused a significant increase in L* and b* values while a decrease in a* value (p<0.05). Hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness values were significantly reduced whereas cohesiveness and resilience values increased (p<0.05). Maximum shear force and work of shear was significantly decreased as the level of PSO increased (p<0.05). Hardness, work of penetration and the resistance during the withdrawal of the probe values (penetration tests) increased significantly with the increase in the level of PSO (p<0.05). These results indicate that PSO has potential to be use as a replacement of animal-based fats in the production of bologna-type sausages.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.184-190
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• 2015

NVH engineering has become a hot issue due to radical technology changes and development in automotive industry since customers' expectations and needs for their vehicle is taken to a higher level. However, the source identification and quantification of the road noise within a vehicle is still not at the level where it needs to be to meet their expectations due to its' complex transfer path and difficulties in path optimization. The primary focus of this research is on direct force obtaining method at suspension hard points using suspension test rig. Directly obtained forces at suspension to body mounting points are critical and crucial for determining the effects of design changes of the suspension has on road noise performance. Direct force obtaining method has its limitation in sensor installation within an actual vehicle therefore, many has been indirectly calculating forces using full matrix inversion method or dynamic stiffness method. In this study, to circumvent this limitation, a suspension rig is used. Then, the suspension rig is verified through a comparative analysis of its dynamic behavior between the actual vehicle by cleat test on chassis dynamometer.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권6호통권90호
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• pp.877-887
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• 2005

This study determined the effects of soybean oil$2\%$) and chitosan($1\%$) on the quality characteristics of Omija Jelly made of various starches (mungbean starch, cowpea starch and corn starch). RVA(Rapid Visco Analyzer) viscosity was measured for starches suspended in Omija aextract with $2\%$ soybean oil and $1\%$ chitosan. The color value, syneresis, texture(rupture test and TPA test) and sensory properties of the samples were measured. Gelatinization of cowpea starch was expedited by adding soybean oil and chitosan. Otherwise, gelatinization of mungbean starch and com starch was retarded by adding chitosan. The lightness(L) and the syneresis of Omija Jelly with soybean oil and chitosan were decreased, indicating the increased transparency and stability of Omija Jelly. Rupture stress and rupture energy of Omija Jelly were decreased by adding soybean oil. Rupture stress was increased and rupture energy was decreased by adding chitosan. The addition of soybean oil improved texture of Omija Jelly, indicating that the springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness of Omija Jelly were increased and adhesiveness was decreased. By adding chitosan, the springiness and hardness of Omija Jelly were increased and the cohesiveness and adhesiveness were decreased. The overall acceptability of Omija Jelly made of $6%$ or $7\%$ cowpea starch and com starch was increased by adding soybean oil and chitosan, but the quality characteristics of Omija Jelly made of mungbean starch were not influenced by additives such as soybean oil and chitosan.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2013

Quantification of road noise is a challenging issue in the development of tire noise since its transfer paths are complicated. In this paper, a simplified model to estimate the road noise is developed. Transfer path of the model is from wheel to interior. The method uses the wheel excitation force estimated throughout inverse method. In inversion procedure, the Tikhonov regularization method is used to reduce the inversion error. To estimate the wheel excitation force, the vibration of knuckle is measured and transfer function between knuckle and wheel center is also measured. The wheel excitation force is estimated by using the measured knuckle vibration and the inversed transfer function. Finally interior noise due to wheel force is estimated by multiplying wheel excitation force in the vibro-acoustic transfer function. This vibro-acoustic transfer function is obtained throughout measurement. The proposed method is validated by using cleat excitation method. Finally, it is applied to the estimation of interior noise of the vehicle with different types of tires during driving test.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.36-39
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• 2000

제조법을 달리한 호박떡의 기계적 측정 및 관능적 특성을 통해 품질평가를 하였다. 호박떡의 수분함량은 제조방법에 따른 차이를 나타냈는데, 단호박을 쌀가루와 함께 빻아 만든 경우의 경우 가장 수분함량이 높았다. 색도의 경우 L 값은 단호박을 쌀가루와 함께 내려 제조한 단호박을 쌀가루와 함께 빻아 만든 경우가 유의적으로 낮았으며, a값과 b값은 단호박을 쪄서 가루에 섞는 방법으로 만든 경우, 단호박을 삶아서 가루에 섞는 경우 보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 이는 carotenoids계 색소의 영향으로 제조방법에 따라 그 차이를 보였다. Two bite compression test에 의한 물성특성치를 살펴보면, hardness, gumminess, chewiness 등이 단호박을 쌀가루와 함께 빻아 만든 경우가 단호박을 쪄서 가루에 섞는 방법으로 만든 경우, 단호박을 삶아서 가루에 섞는 경우 보다 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 보였고, cohesiveness 및 springiness는 각 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 관능검사 결과에서는 항목별로 유의적인 차이 (p<0.05)를 나타냈는데, 모든 항목, 즉 color, flavor, taste, moistness, consistency, overall acceptance에서 단호박을 쌀가루와 함께 빻아 만든 경우를 선호하는 결과를 보여 가장 기호도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기계적 물성치와 관능적 물성치를 비교해 볼 때, 떡의 조직감이 견고한 것 보다는 부드러운 것을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회논문집(수송기계편)
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• pp.134-139
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• 2005

This paper presents a robust design of vehicle interior noise using Taguchi method and a substructure synthesis method with a hybrid model. Firstly, the proposed method identifies the critical process of the concerned interior noise through a TPA (Transfer Path Analysis). Secondly, a strategy for a robust design is discussed, in which the major noise factor among uncertainties in the process is quality distribution of rubber bushes connecting a cradle and a trimmed body. Thirdly, a virtual test model fer the process is developed by applying a substructure synthesis method with a hybrid modeling approach. Fourthly, virtual tests are carried out according to the predefined tables of orthogonal array in Taguchi robust design process. The process was performed under 2 sub-steps. The first step is sensitivity analysis of 31 panels, and the other step is weight optimization of mass dampers on sensitive panels. Finally, two vehicles with the proposed countermeasures were validated. The proposed method reduces 87.5% of trials of measurements due to the orthogonal arrays and increases robustness by 8.6dB of S/N ratio and decreases $5\;dB(A){\sim}10\;dB(A)$ of interior noise in the concerned range of RPM.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 1987

시판 도토리묵의 관능적 특성을 질량묘사분석법에 의하여 검사하여 각각의 특성치들 사이의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 기호도에 대해서는 거의 모든 관능적 특성치들이 유의적인 상관관계를 가지고 있었는데 이것은 결국 도토리묵의 기호도는 다양한 여러 인자에 의해 종합적으로 영향을 받는다는 반증이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 기호도에 대해 가장 큰 예측력을 갖는 인자들은 견고성과 절단성이었다. 한편 시판 도토리묵의 기기적 특성치를 Instron을 사용한 압착시험에 의해 분석하고 그들 사이의 상관관계를 조사한 결과, 첫번째 압착에 의한 두개의 피크중 Pl_은 첫번째 압착의 특성을 주로 나타내는데 비해, P2_는 두번째 압착의 결과를 예측하는데 더 큰 의의가 있는 것으로 생각되어진다. 한편 식품의 텍스쳐 논의시에 가장 자주 거론되는 HARD_는 FRAC_, Al_, B2_의 세가지 인자에 의한 회귀모형으로 표현될 수 있었다(중상관계수 R=0.89). 시판 도토리묵의 관능적 특성치들과 기기적 특성치들 사이의 상관계수를 구해 본 결과, 특징적인 유형의 상관관계가 성립되지 못하였다. 그러나 기기적 FRAC_는 관능적 절단성·견고성·씹힘성등과 유의적인 정의 상관관계를 보여주었다. 한편 시판 도토리묵의 기호도에 대한 기기적 특성치들의 예측력을 알아보기 위하여 단계적 회귀분석을 실시한 결과에서도 회귀모형에 포함되는 인자는 GUM_뿐이었는데 그 결정계수가 0.2023에 불과하므로 예측력이 그리 높은 편이 못되었다. 따라서 도토리묵의 기기적 특성과 관능적 특성간의 상호 관련성에 대하여는 앞으로 보다 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각되어진다.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.935-942
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• 2014

The ride quality investigation is on-going topic in the car industry since its global standard has not evaluated and it is difficult to point out one part that hinders the ride quality. Since the traditional transfer path analysis that is widely used in car industry to investigate the ride quality requires a lot of test time to process the full data so that there are problems to conduct in industry. Based on these disadvantages, new approaches have developed such as OPAX(operational path analysis with eXogeneous inputs) and OTPA(operational transfer path analysis) for last decades. The OTPA only requires the operational data for evaluate the contribution of vibration sources and the OPAX has advantage of using parametric model to estimate the operating load and needs a minimum set of extra tests with excitation. In this paper, for evaluating the hindrance of ride quality two methods are used and the result is compared with another result of a car having higher ride quality.