• 무역학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.245-262
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• 2021

Despite the numerous advantages that CSR engagement can potentially offer, top managers may not always be willing to invest in CSR as they are expected to meet expectations of external constituents in the short run. Given that financial analysts' expectations are important short-term performance targets that top managers are motivated to meet, this study examines how performance relative to earnings forecasts issued by analysts affect top managers' decisions about CSR engagement. Using a sample of publicly listed U.S. firms from 2000 to 2016, we find that top managers are more likely to reduce discretionary expenditure on CSR activities as performance falls below analyst forecasts to improve financial performance in the following fiscal year. As performance exceeds analyst forecasts, top managers are motivated to reduce CSR investments in order to meet higher expectations of analysts. As financial analysts closely monitor the firms that they follow in order to publish investment advice to market participants, we find that analyst coverage weakens top managers' incentive to reduce CSR engagement. Overall, this research sheds meaningful insight into the contextual background in which the top managers are situated in when they make decisions on CSR engagement.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1019-1025
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• 2015

The influence of aging on the flavor precursors and volatile compounds of top round beef was studied. The concentrations of free amino acids, nucleotides, creatine, dipeptides, and volatile compounds were measured after top round from Hanwoo was aged at $4^{\circ}C$ for 21 days. The amount of free amino acids in top round significantly increased with the increase of aging period. There was no effect of aging on the concentrations of adenosine monophosphate or inosine in top round. The inosine monophosphate content of top round significantly decreased with age, while the hypoxanthine content increased. The concentrations of creatine, carnosine, and anserine in top round were not influenced by aging. In total, 24 volatile compound were identified in aged, cooked top round. Of these, the quantities of aldehydes (propanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal), hydrocarbons (pentane and octane), 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, and pyridines (4-ethynyl-pyridine and 4-acetyl-pyridine) significantly increased after aging. We conclude that the flavor of top round can be improved by aging.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1553-1559
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• 2017

본 논문은 자동차 전방에 장착된 단일 카메라를 이용한 차선 이탈 검출 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 카메라에 의해 취득된 영상으로부터 top-view 공간에 지정된 작은 관심 영역을 위한 부분 top-view 영상을 생성하고, 작은 부분 top-view 영상에서 차선을 검출하고, 미리 지정된 가상 자동차와 검출된 차선들의 겹침을 조사해 차선 이탈을 결정한다. 또한 제안된 알고리즘은 차선 사이에서 차선 이탈 검출을 방해하는 도로 표기 (잡음)에 의한 직선들의 제거와 이전 프레임의 차선 정보를 이용한 손실된 차선의 예측을 포함한다. 실제 주행 동영상을 이용한 차선 이탈 검출 실험에서 제안된 알고리즘은 차선 유지 상태에서 99.0%, 차선 이탈 상태에서 94.7%를 정상적으로 검출한다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1991년도 추계학술발표회 논문집 지반공학에서의 컴퓨터 활용 COMPUTER UTILIZATION IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
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• pp.312-331
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• 1991

런던시내의 역사적 건물들 주변에서 LONDON CLAY층을 굴착하고 지하 5층의 주차장 건설에 TOP-DOWN공법이 적용되었다. 인접 구조물들의 안전진단을 수치해석(F.E.M)으로 예측하고 현장에서 실측한 자료와 비교분석하였다. 사용된 탄소성 COMPUTER 모델은 현장계측값들과 비교적 잘 일치하고 있으며, 지하 연속벽(DIAPHRAGM WALL)을 이용한 TOP-DOWN공법이 주변지반 변형을 감소시킬 수 있는 가장 효과적인 방법으로 판명되었다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

The top and bottom nozzles of PWR fuel assembly are connected by guide thimbles and an instrumentation tube that are connected with spacer grids. The fuel rods are inserted into the each cell of spacer grids. The loads acting on the fuel assembly are transmitted to the guide thimbles through the flow plate of top nozzle The axial loads applied to the fuel assembly are not equally distributed among the guide thimble due to the geometry of the top nozzle flow plate and spacer grid. In this study, the load concentration factors for the $17\times17$ fuel assembly were calculated. The analytical model fur the calculation of the load concentration factor of top nozzle flow plate was developed using ANSYS 5.6. The finite element analyses were performed using the model composed of top nozzle, guide thimble, and spacer grid. And, the analysis results were compared with the test results.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.108-113
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• 1998

In order to investigate the characteristics of top ring groove deposit formation in diesel engine, engine test and simulation test were performed. From component analysis of used oils sampled from actual running engines, soot content in engine oil was selected as a main parameter for evaluating oil degradation. Deposit formation is highly related to soot content in lubricating oils. And high soot content oil accelerates deposit formation even in low temperature region below 26$0^{\circ}C$. In low temperature region below 26$0^{\circ}C$, deposit formation rate is mainly affected by top ring groove temperature. However, in high temperature region above 26$0^{\circ}C$, deposit formation rate is affected by soot content as well as top ring groove temperature. Therefore, soot content as well as top ring groove temperature should be kept a certain level in order to prevent troubles due to carbon deposit formation.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2000

In simply supported composite beams, the neutral axis of the composite cross section usually is located the top flange of the steel I-shape, so that the top flange does not impart much strength to the member. This suggests that omitting the top flange entirely could be a means to lower the cost of the beam without greatly reducing the strength. The purpose of this investigation is to research flexural strength and behavior of the composite beams with reduced top flange of steel. Five specimens with H and inverted T steel section were tested. As the test results, comparison of the experimental to computed full-plastic moment, and variations of flexural strength with reduced top flange were analyzed.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.721-728
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• 2008

Top-Base Method is a stabilization method for light weight structures particularly in the soft ground. It is widely used for the increment of bearing capacity and the effect of restraining settlement when the bearing capacity of the ground is not enough. Top-shaped cone concrete foundations are installed in graveled laid over soft ground. The principle of the basic method is to maximize effect of dispersing the overburden pressure by increasing the contact area of the top-shaped cone. Therefore, the bearing capacity is increased and the settlement is decreased by the embedded resistance of pile part in the ground. In this paper, the plate bearing test was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of Top-Base foundation. Based on the test results, the coefficient of subgrade reaction, elastic modulus, and settlement of foundation on reclaimed land was derived.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2006년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회 논문집
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• pp.9-12
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• 2006

In recent years, construction site has developed lots of new methods and materials for Time-Cost Trade-off and improving constructability. In the case of underground construction, especially, there are many restrictions and difficulties. Shortening of the construction time in construction of underground, we use top-down method in undergroud wall. A open slab has been designed for the purpose of overcoming a weak point of former top-down method. This study based on open slab on the under ground top-down method, to more improve constructability, to introduce the effect and the performance of top-down method.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2011년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 1부
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• pp.197-199
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• 2011

To utilize the Top-Down construction method, it is required to analyse building area, floors, and soil conditions to choose the three basic elements of retaining wall, base column, and floor structure. The purpose of this research is to compare the methods of Top-Down with other construction methods. The research method is to analyse the project conditions of Top-Down project cases. The aim is to develop a method of selecting alternatives, considering construction characteristics, work schedule, supporting methods, foundation types.