• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2003

The feasibility of [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] film as a buccal mucoadhesive patch was previously reported by estimating mucoadhesiveness and release characteristics. To find a rational penetration enhancer of [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] film containing butorphanol tartrate (Bt), penetration of Bt from [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] film which contained various additives was estimated by measuring its flux, Papp and lag tme in in vitro buccal membrane of porcine. EDTA showed almost no increase of Bt permeability, wherease SGC, STDHF and SLS increased the permeability of Bt with the order of SGC > STDHF > SLS. The rational additive concentration of SGC was 4% and its Papp and lag time were $1.93{\times}10^{-4}{\pm}4.21{\times}10^{-6},\;126.60{\pm}21.88min\;(control\;:\;Papp\;0.45{\times}10^{-4};\;lag\;time\;211.01{\pm}16.77\;min)$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.51-69
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• 2014

Times to multiple events (TMEs) are a major data type in large-scale business and medical data. Despite its importance, the analysis of TME data has not been well studied because of the analysis difficulty from censoring of observation. To address this difficulty, we have developed a Bayesian-based multivariate survival analysis method, which can successfully estimate the joint probability density of survival times. In this work, we extended this method for the analysis of precedence, dependency and causality among multiple events. We applied this method to the electronic health records of 2,111 patients in a children's hospital in the US and the proposed analysis successfully shows the relation between times to two types of hospital visits for different medical issues. The overall result implies the usefulness of the multivariate survival analysis method in large-scale big data in a variety of areas including marketing, human resources, and e-commerce. Lastly, we suggest our future research directions based multivariate survival analysis method.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2017

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults and has poor prognosis. The GBM-specific tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor progression, immune escape, local invasion, and metastasis of GBM. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and differential concentration of glucose influence the expression of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10, in human glial cell lines. Treatment with cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) significantly increased the expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10 in a dose-dependent manner in CRT-MG and U251-MG astroglioma cells, but not in microglia cells. However, we found strikingly different patterns of expression of cytokines and chemokines between $H_2O_2$-treated CRT-MG cells cultured in low- and high-glucose medium. These results suggest that astroglioma and microglia cells exhibit distinct patterns of cytokine and chemokine expression in response to $CoCl_2$ and $H_2O_2$ treatment, and different concentrations of glucose influence this expression under either hypoxic or oxidant-enriched conditions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 1997

This study was conducted to test on the resistance of varieties bred by crossing with Asominori to bacterial leaf blight. Nakdongbyeo and Dongjinbyeo which were susceptible to HB 9011, 8 resistant varieties including Ilmibyeo derived from Asominori and Asominori, Hwangok, 13 varieties including Chukoku 45 which were resistance to HB 9011, HB 9022 and HB 9033 were used to screen their res ponce depending on the various screening methods such as the true resistance, the secondary infection resistance and the disease common field test methods, and the results are as follows: Among 13 varieties tested, 11 varieties including llmibyeo showed tme resistance to HB 9011. Less than 1.0cm of disease lesion were developed on these varieties. Disease lesion was not developed on most of the Asominori lines including Daechongbyeo against IIB9011 and 1lmibyeo was also resistance to HB 9011, on this variety disease lesion area rate was 1.2%, and 7 varieties including Hwajinbyeo showed field resistance to HB 9022. Disease lesion area rate were 19.6% on Nakdongbyeo. 15.6% on Dongjinbyeo, from 3.0% to 2.4% on Asominori lines, and 0.5% on the Asominori when screened at disease common area. Disease was not developed on Keumnambyeo. Significant correlation coefficiences were found between the results from the test methods of the true resistance, the field resistance ancl the field resistance at disease common field tests on Asominori lines, but in some cases, even the varieties on which disease lesions developed, showed field resistance to HB 9022 and HB 9033.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.514-517
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• 2004

Expeller pressed and solvent extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) were force-fed to male and female Muscovy ducks at 7 weeks of age. The nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME) and true available amino acid (TAAA) digestibilities were determined. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of the type of PKC used on crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. However, digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was found to be higher in solvent extracted compared to expeller pressed PKC. The average digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and EE were 43, 58, 39 and 89%, espectively. It was found that the ducks utilized about 47% of the gross energy of PKC. The respective average AMEn and TMEn values of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 1,743 and 1,874 kcal/kg. The overall TAAA of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 65%. The data on the TMEn and digestible AA for PKC obtained from this study provide new information with regard to diet formulation for Muscovy ducks.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.777-782
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• 1995

The scale up production test for the hydrothermal synthesis of clay mineral from the anorthite, which is distributed in San Chung-District of Korea and called as the ground rock for halloysite-kaolin, has been investigated by using the gaitator type reactor. The automatic control system has been developed and applied for the more effective producibility and the reduction in the defect of this intermittent batch processing property, and finally for the feasibility of this system in actual use. It was observed that this agitator type reactor can reduce the synthesis reaction tme from 5 days to 3 days, only with the condition of 20rpm. The automatic control system could regulate the vessel temperature and pressure precisely at an optimum condition during the treatment. Therefore, from these test results the application-possibility for this system was found to be feasible in actual use.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.303-308
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• 2011

The effect of heat treatment on the micro-structures and the mechanical properties of 0.002% boron added low carbon steel was investigated. The tensile strength reached the peak at about $880-890^{\circ}C$ with the rising quenching temperature and then the hardness decreased sharply, but the tensile strength hardly decreased. The tensile and yield strength decreased and the total elongation increased with a rising tempering temperature, but the tensile and yield strength sharply fell and the total elongation prominently increased from above a $400-450^{\circ}C$ tempering temperature. Tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) was observed at tempering condition of $350-400^{\circ}C$. In the condition of quenching at $890^{\circ}C$ and tempering at $350^{\circ}C$, the boron precipitates were observed as Fe-C-B and BN together. The hardness decreased in proportion to the tempering temperature untill $350^{\circ}C$ and dropped sharply above $400^{\circ}C$ regardless of the quenching temperature.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2022

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by most cells carry bioactive macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids for intercellular communication. Given that some immune cell-derived sEVs exhibit anti-cancer properties, these sEVs have received scientific attention for the development of novel anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agents. In this paper, we reviewed the latest advances concerning the biological roles of immune cell-derived sEVs for cancer therapy. sEVs derived from immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, natural-killer (NK) cells, and macrophages are good candidates for sEV-based cancer therapy. Besides their role of cancer vaccines, DC-shed sEVs activated cytotoxic lymphocytes and killed tumor cells. sEVs isolated from NK cells and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells. sEVs derived from CD8⁺ T and CD4⁺ T cells inhibited cancer-associated cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and activated B cells, respectively. M1-macrophage-derived sEVs induced M2 to M1 repolarization and also created a pro-inflammatory environment. Hence, these sEVs, via mono or combination therapy, could be considered in the treatment of cancer patients in the future. In addition, sEVs derived from cytokine-stimulated immune cells or sEV engineering could improve their anti-tumor potency.

• BMB Reports
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.273-280
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• 2024

Cancer cells metastasize to distant organs by altering their characteristics within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to effectively overcome challenges during the multistep tumorigenesis. Plasticity endows cancer cell with the capacity to shift between different morphological states to invade, disseminate, and seed metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a theory derived from tissue biopsy, which explains the acquisition of EMT transcription factors (TFs) that convey mesenchymal features during cancer migration and invasion. On the other hand, adherent-to-suspension transition (AST) is an emerging theory derived from liquid biopsy, which describes the acquisition of hematopoietic features by AST-TFs that reprograms anchorage dependency during the dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The induction and plasticity of EMT and AST dynamically reprogram cell-cell interaction and cell-matrix interaction during cancer dissemination and colonization. Here, we review the mechanisms governing cellular plasticity of AST and EMT during the metastatic cascade and discuss therapeutic challenges posed by these two morphological adaptations to provide insights for establishing new therapeutic interventions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7155-7159
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• 2013

Background and Objective: Rectal washout with saline solution may theoretically prevent anastomotic recurrence in patients with resectable rectal cancer, although exact clinical effects have not yet been determined. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, the present meta-analysis was performed. Method: Relevant studies were identified by a search of Medline, Embase and Google Website with no restrictions to September 1, 2013, and included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: 5 trials (642 participants) were included to assess the association between rectal washout with saline solution and anastomotic recurrence. The rate of anastomotic recurrence (AR) was 6.23% (40/642), with the pooled OR derived from the five studies being 0.32 (95 % CI=0.15-0.70, P=0.004). The pooled OR derived from the TME and radical resection subgroups were 0.72 (95%CI=0.16-3.12, P=0.66) and 0.51 (95%CI=0.13-1.96, P=0.32), respectively. Conclusion: Results from this analysis show that intra-operative rectal washout with mere saline solution largely reduces the risk of anastomotic recurrences in patients with resectable rectal cancer.