• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1345-1349
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• 1998

새로운 수산가공용 풍미소재의 개발과 품질개선, 연안에서 생산되는 저활용 수산자원의 유효 이용이라는 관점에서, 소형 갈전갱이를 원료로 가공한 2단계 효소분해엑스분의 정미성분 및 기능성을 분석 평가하였다. 소형 갈전갱이의 열수추출 및 자가소화엑스분, 1, 2차 효소분해엑스분의 유리아미노산 총량은 각각 541.3, 8,245.3, 1,354.6 mg% 및 6,636.6 mg%이었고, hydroxyproline, glu, pro, leu, phe, lys 및 arg 등이 주요 아미노산이었다. IMP는 $292.2{\sim}335.2\;mg%$ 검출되어 각 엑스분간에 큰 차이는 없었으며, TMAO 함량은 $145.2{\sim}219.7\;mg%$로 비교적 많이 함유되어 있었다. 또한, total creatinine은 $290.7{\sim}342.6\;mg%$로 추출방법에 따른 함량 차이는 크지 않았고, betaine 함량은 $43.8{\sim}55.2\;mg%$로 역시 엑스분 추출에 따른 함량 차이는 거의 없었다. 소형 갈전갱이 엑스분에는 양이온으로서 Na, K 및 P가 양적으로 많았으며, 음이온으로는 Cl과 $PO_4$의 함량이 많았고, 추출방법에 따라 무기성분의 함량 차이가 심했다. 시료 엑스분의 펩티드함량은 열수추출, 자가소화, 효소소화엑스분 순으로 함량이 많았으며, ACE 저해효과는 2차 효소분해엑스분이 89.9%로서 열수추출이나 자가소화엑스분에 비해 상당히 높아 ACE 저해능이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 1997

Gulbi, salted and dried yellow corvenia, is a favorite diet food in Korea from the ancient times. A Few studies have dealt with sanitary concerns related to its products, while a number of investigators studied its taste compounds. This study attemps to establish the basic data for ensuring the safety of Gulbi. The contents of nitrate and nitrite were detected 1.2 and <0.1 mg/kg in raw sample, but their contents were detected 3.6~3.9 and 1.2~2.0 mg/kg during its processing and storage of Gulbi, respectively. TMAO contents decreased while betaine, TMA, DMA and formaldehyde increased in yellow corvenia during its processing and storage. Recovery from raw, salted, salt-dried and stored sample spiked with 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg for NDBA was 83.2~102.7% average 92.7%). N-nitrosamine such as NDMA, NDEA and NDPA was not detected in raw sample and drastically increased during Gulbi processing and storage. The levels of NDMA, NDEA and NDPA in Gulbi stored for 30 days were about 2.7,4.5 and 5.3 times higher than those in salted sample, respectively. Regardless of cooking methods, NDMA, NDEA and NDPA during cooking when sample were cooked using direct heating methods such as a gas and a briquet fire than when sample were cooked using indirect methods such as an microwave oven and a fried pan. Indirect cooking methods was effective to minimize the N-nitrosamine formation such as NDMA, NDEA and NDPA during cooking of Gulbi.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.35.2-72
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• 1990

N-Nitrosamines have been known to be strong carcinogens and are formed by the reaction of nitrous acid with amines. In this experiment the changes in the contents of nitrate nitrite trimethylaminoxide(TMAO) trimethylamine(TMA) and dimethylamine(DMA) during femen-tation of damsel fish were analyzed periodically and N-nitrosamines in a commercial products. N-Nitrosamines were determined by mineral oil distillation methods using gas chromatography-thermal energy anlyzer(GC-TEA) in a commerical product. Nitrate nitrite and amines were quantitate by colorimetric methods. Level of nitrate-N were gradually decreased but nitrite-n was not detected or trace. Contents of dimethlamine(DMA) and trimethlamine were mar-kedly increased while trimethylaminoxide nitrogen was decreased during the fermentation of damsel fish. The change of pH was in the ranges of 5,5-7.0 during fermentation of salted damsel fish. It was out of the optimum pH(3.0-3.4) for the formation of nitrosamine. N-Nitrosamines were not detected in salt-fermented damsel fist but much N-nitrosodimethyla-mine(NDMA) could be detected in salt-fermented damsel fish after adding 0.05M NaNo2 in the acidic condition. The identifaction of NDMA in it was confirmed by mass spectrophotometry. Nitrate decrea-sed during the fermentation of damsel fish. however nitrite was trace level and nitrosamines were not formed in its. This could be supposed that it was due to the rapid consumption of nitrite by amino acid and bacteria.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.727-733
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• 1999

Endo- and exoproteases were used to hydrolyze Alaska pollack processing scrap. In 2 stage hydrolysis, the optimal conditions by Protamex were: temperature, $45.8^{\circ}C$; pH, 6.73; enzyme concentration, 0.11%; time, 105.5 min, whereas those by Flavourzyme were: temperature, $42.0^{\circ}C$; pH, 6.54; enzyme concentration, 0.28%; time, 20.4 hrs. But, the optimal conditions of 1 stage hydrolysis by equal proportion of Protamex and Flavourzyme were: temperature, $52.9^{\circ}C$; pH, 6.3; enzyme concentration, 0.46%; time 10.9 hrs. The contents of carbohydrate and ash were higher in the 2 stage hydrolyzate than the 1 stage, while that of crude lipid was in the reverse order. There were no significant differences in the contents of moisture and crude protein between both methods. The contents of total creatine and IMP, and viable cell counts were higher in the 1 stage hydrolyzate than the 2 stage, while the contents of TMAO, TMA, and Hx was in the reverse order. But, there were no significant differences in the contents of amino-N and color between both methods. The free amino acid contents of the 1 and 2 stage hydrolyzate were 2,741.77 and 3,529.47 mg/100 mL, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.334-338
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• 1990

틸라피아를 담수와 해수에서 각각 6개월간 사육하여, 이들의 일반성분과 정미성분을 분석 $\cdot$비교하였다. 일반성분에서는 해수사육한 것이 담수사육한 것에 비해 수분함량과 단백질 양에는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 지질함량과 회분함량은 약간 많았다. 또 한 정미성분중 유리아미노산인 taurine과 glycine, 핵산관련물질인 IMP, total creatinine 등의 함량이 많았으며, 이들은 함량면에서 보아 틸라피아의 맛에 크게 기여할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 함질소화합물의 함량이나 조성에서는 해수사육과 담수사육간에 별다른 차이를 확인할 수 없었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.339-345
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• 1993

우리나라 사람들의 기호에 맞으면서 저장성이 있는 정어리 조미가공품의 제조를 위하여 초절임 중 품질변화에 대하여 실험하였다. Dressed한 정어리를 포화식염수에 염지한 결과 48시간까지는 수분함량의 경우 감소하였고, 염도, 휘발성염기질소함량 및 조직감의 경우 증가하였으나, 그 이상의 시간에는 거의 변화가 없었다. 정어리 초절임중에는 수분 및 회분은 거의 변화가 없었고, pH는 상당히 감소하였다. 가공 중 생균수는 감소하였고, histamine함량은 변화가 없어 식품위생적으로 안전하다고 판단되었다. TBA값, 과산화물값 및 지방산조성의 결과로 볼 때 염지한 정어리를 항산화제가 함유되어져 있는 조미액에 초절임하여 제조하는 경우 가공 중 지질산패가 상당히 억제되었다. 정어리 초절임제품의 맛성분은 함량으로 미루어 보아 신맛의 유기산과 histidine, lysine, glutamic acid 및 arginine과 같은 유리아미노산 그리고 IMP와 같은 핵산관련물질이 맛의 주체를 이루고, 총 creatinine, betaine 및 TMAO 등이 보조적으로 맛에 관여하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1510-1515
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• 2020

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a well-known off-odor compound in fish and fishery products and is a metabolic product of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) generated by the enzymatic action of microorganisms. The off-odor is a factor that can debase the value of fish and fishery products. The present study aimed to remove TMA using lactic acid bacteria (LAB). A total of fifteen isolates exhibiting the TMA reduction efficacy were isolated from Korean traditional fermented foods. Among these isolates, five LAB isolates (Lactobacillus plantarum SKD 1 and 4; Lactobacillus paraplantarum SKD 15; Pediococcus stilesii SKD 11; P. pentosaceus SKD 14) were selected based on their high TMA reduction efficacy. In situ reduction of TMA efficacy by the LAB cell-free supernatant was evaluated using a spoiled fish sample. The results showed effective TMA reduction by our selected strains: SKD1 (45%), SKD4 (62%), SKD11 (60%), SKD14 (59%), and SKD15 (52%), respectively. This is the first study on TMA reduction by the metabolic activity of LAB and in situ reduction of TMA using cell-free supernatant of LAB. The present finding suggests an economically useful and ecofriendly approach to the reduction of TMA.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.210-219
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• 2003

To develop natural flavoring substances, optimal two stage enzyme hydrolysis conditions and flavor compounds of short-neck clam (Tapes philippinarum) enzyme hydrolysates were examined. The optimal enzyme hydrolysis conditions for two stage enzyme hydrolysate (TSEH) of short-neck clam were revealed in temperature at $55^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours digestion with alcalase at the 1st stage and 4 hours digestion at $45^{\circ}C$ with exopeptidase type neutrase at the 2nd stage. In quality tests of hot-water extracts, steam extracts and 4 kinds of enzyme hydrolysates, TSEH processing method was superior to other methods in yield, nitrogen contents, organoleptic taste such as umami intensity and inhibition of off-flavor formation, and transparency of extract. Total free amino acid contents in hot-water extract, steam extract and TSEH were 1,352.1 mg/100 g, 1,174.1 mg/100 g and 2,122.4 mg/100 g, respectively, Major free amino acids in TSEH were glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine. As for nucleotides and other bases, betaine, TMAO and creatinine were principal components in TSEH. The major inorganic ions in TSEH were Na, K, P and Cl. TSEH also revealed very higher angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibition effect $(70.7\%)$ than those of hot-water and steam extract. We conclude that TSEH from short-neck clam was more flavorable compared with the seasoning materials on the market, it could be utilized as the instant soup base and the seasoning substances for fisheries processing.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.85-96
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• 1990

Globefish, Fugu xanthopterus, known to have a severe toxin, is one of the favorite food in Korea and Japan when the toxic part is removed. In this paper, the effect of cooking on the composition of nitrogenous components in the extractives from globefish cooked investigated and the changes of the taste compounds originated from the nitrogenous components in the extractives were discussed. When the sample fish was analysed for general composition, drip amount and pH by the different methods of thawing, the method effective method was the running water thawing. Total nitrogen content in raw globefish and the frozen globefish was not different, and the nitrogen content was increased with the heat treatment. It seemed that the nitrogen content was higher in the extract from the boiled globefish than that of the steamed globefish. Taurine, lysine, glycine and alanine were occupied about 70% of the total free amino acids. Total free amino acid content was higher in the extracts from the frozen sample than those from the raw sample. The amount of free amino acids was increased when the globefish soup cooked under the direct-heat cooking than in the microwave oven-heat cooking. Among nucleotides in the extracts from the thawed and cooked fishes, IMP and inosine contents were increased, and the both components were decreased with the heating time and by the heating method. Tne content of total creatinine-nitrogen were 50% of the total nitrogen content of the extracts, but the concentration of glycinebetaine, TMA and TMAO were only a few amounts. It could be concluded that total creatinine components, including free amino acids such as taurine, lysine, glycine and alanine, and IMP might be the important components contributing to the taste of the cooked globefish.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.274-279
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• 1995

미더덕의 계절에 따른 성분 조성을 분석하여 식품학적 기초자료를 얻고자 3~10월 사이의 정미성분과 그 계절적 변화를 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 미더덕의 총엑스분질소량은 6월에 294mg/100g, 7월에 160mg/100g으로 감소하다가 그 이후 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 유리아미노산 중 taurine(45~50%)과 proline(12~18%)이 가장 많았으며, 그밖에 glutamic acid, alanine, glycine의 함량이 많았다. 핵산관련물질 중에서는 AMP의 함량이 가장 풍부하였고, glycine betain은 6월에 256mg/100g으로 최고치를 보였다. 미더덕의 엑스 분질소 조성은 유리아미노산이 50~62%로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 betaine(11~15%), 핵산관련 물질(5~8%), TMAO 및 총 ceratinine 순이었다. 미더덕의 유기산은 succine, malic, lactic 및 pyroglutamic acid가 전체 유기산의 80% 이상을 차지하였으며, 그 중 succinic acid의 함량이 가장 높았다. Omission test한 결과, 미더덕의 맛은 유리아미노산, betaine, 핵산관련 물질, 불휘발성 유기산 순으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.