• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to predict balance and gait abilities with the Trunk Impairment scales (TIS) in persons with stroke. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Sixty-eight participants with stoke were assessed with the TIS, Berg Balance scale (BBS), and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) by a therapist. To describe of general characteristics, we used descriptive and frequency analyses, and the TIS was used as a predictive variable to determine the BBS. In the simple regression analysis, the TIS was used as a predictive variable for the BBS and FGA, and the TIS and BBS were used as predictive variables to determine the FGA in multiple regression analysis. Results: In the group with a BBS score of >45 for regression equation for predicting BBS score using TIS score, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) was 0.234, and the $R^2$ was 0.500 in the group with a BBS score of ${\leq}45$. In the group with an FGA score >15 for regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS score, the $R^2$ was 0.193, and regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS score, the $R^2$ was 0.181 in the group of FGA score ${\leq}15$. In the group of FGA score >15 for regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS and BBS score, the $R^2$ was 0.327. In the group of FGA score ${\leq}15$ for regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS and BBS score, the $R^2$ was 0.316. Conclusions: The TIS scores are insufficient in predicting the FGA and BBS scores in those with higher balance ability, and the BBS and TIS could be used for predicting variables for FGA. However, TIS is a strong predictive variable for persons with stroke who have poor balance ability.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.539-547
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• 2008

In this paper, preliminary results for design of prototype ADS-ADS-B/TIS-B Validation Testbed (AVT) are described. Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS-B) is a novel surveillance concept using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and a digital datalink. Air traffic information from ADS-B non-equipped aircraft is not acquired since ADS-B is a dependent surveillance. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) provides surveillance data from Secondary surveillance Radar (SSR) for ADS-B non-equipped aircraft. AVT is based on ADS-B and TIS-B as an integrated platform for air traffic surveillance system for CNS/ATM.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 2018

The $TIS21^{/BTG2/PC3}$ gene belongs to the antiproliferative gene (APRO) family and exhibits tumor suppressive activity. However, here we report that TIS21 controls lipid metabolism, rather than cell proliferation, under fasting condition. Using microarray analysis, whole gene expression changes were investigated in liver of TIS21 knockout (TIS21-KO) mice after 20 h fasting and compared with wild type (WT). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ($PPAR{\alpha}$) target gene expression was almost absent in contrast to increased lipid synthesis in the TIS21-KO mice compared to WT mice. Immunohistochemistry with hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that lipid deposition was focal in the TIS21-KO liver as opposed to the diffuse and homogeneous pattern in the WT liver after 24 h starvation. In addition, cathepsin E expression was over 10 times higher in the TIS21-KO liver than that in the WT, as opposed to the significant reduction of thioltransferase in both adult and fetal livers. At present, we cannot account for the role of cathepsin E. However, downregulation of glutaredoxin 2 thioltransferase expression might affect hypoxic damage in the TIS21-KO liver. We suggest that the $TIS21^{/BTG2}$ gene might be essential to maintain energy metabolism and reducing power in the liver under fasting condition.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

In the next generation of ATM, ADS-B(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) and multilateration are the main technology recommended by ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization). However, there are a lot of non-equipped ADS-B aircraft today. Therefore, TIS-B(Traffic Information Service-Broadcast) provides traffic information, which has obtained from radars for non-equipped ADS-B aircraft. In this paper, we presented an onboard multilateration system for non-equipped ADS-B aircraft using SSR(Secondary Surveillance Radar) signal instead of TIS-B. TIS-B has a lot of error because of using radar data, but multilateration has less error than radar because of using TDOA(Time Difference of Arrival) method. Results of performance analysis show that the position accuracy is improved by the proposed method using on-board multilateration.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2011

Purpose: In this study, we tried to determine the effect of upper extremity training such as functional reaching on improved trunk control and ADL performance in post-stroke hemiplegic patients. Methods: We randomly selected 11 stroke patients in the hospital, who had a problem with the upper extremity, trunk and ADL performance. The patients were divided into the conservative training group and the functional reaching training group. We applied general occupational therapy only in the conservative training group whereas we applied upper extremity training with a focus on functional reaching in the functional reaching training group. To compare the two groups we used several assessment tools such as Modified Barthel Index (MBI), total Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), static TIS, dynamic TIS and coordinative TIS. Results: The results obtained were as follows: (1) In the functional reaching training group, there was a statistically significant difference in the total TIS score, dynamic TIS score, and MBI. (2) We compared the results obtained before training with the changes in the results obtained after training and found that there was a relation between the assessment outcomes. Especially, static TIS score showed a relation in both groups. Conclusion: Functional reaching training influenced both the trunk control and ADL performance. Especially, the functional reaching training group demonstrated better static trunk control ability than the conservative treatment group.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 2015

As a radar based air surveillance hits the limit along with the growing air traffic needs, a new air surveillance technology called ADS-B has emerged. ADS-B provides more accurate position information with a shorter interval, and aircraft equipped with ADS-B transponders can check each other's location. However not all aircraft are equipped with ADS-B transponders, and aircraft with different ADS-B data links cannot check each other's location. To address these problems a TIS-B service, which broadcasts information that a radar is tracking, and an ADS-R service, which cross-broadcasts information of different ADS-B data links, have been emerged. In this paper, we design and implement a centralized TIS-B server for broadcasting air traffic situation which is capable of providing a TIS-B service and an ADS-R service at the same time. The implemented TIS-B server has been verified with a configured ADS-B ground system, by receiving ADS-B surveillance data and radar surveillance data followed by generating surveillance data for providing a TIS-B service and an ADS-R service and simulating broadcast of those generated surveillance data.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.87-96
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) translated into Korea in patients with stroke. It also aims to score the quality of trunk movement and to be a tool for the treatment. The TIS consists of three subscales that static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance and co-ordination. The TIS score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 23. Twenty-five stroke patients (13 males, 12 females) were examined by two physiotherapists. Interrater and test-retest reliability were assessed. Kappa and weighted kappa values for the items of the trunk assessment of the TIS ranged from .67 to 1.00. Intraclass correlation coefficients for interrater and test-retest agreement were .95 and .97. Cronbach alpha coefficients for internal consistency range from .87 to .97. The TIS provide reliable assessments for the trunk and are valid scales for measuring trunk performance in patients with stroke. TIS can be used as a guideline for treatment and the assessment of quality of trunk activity.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2023

Topological insulators (TIs) emerge as one of the most fascinating and amazing material in physics and electronics. TIs intrinsically possess both gapless conducting surface and insulating internal properties, instead of being only one property such as conducting, semiconducting, and insulating. The conducting surface state of TIs is the consequence of band inversion induced by strong spin-orbit coupling. Combined with broken inversion symmetry, the surface electronic band structure consists of spin helical Dirac cone, which allows spin of carriers governed by the direction of its momentum, and prohibits backscattering of the carriers. It is called by topological surface states (TSS). In this paper, we investigated the TIs materials and their unique properties and denoted the fabrication method of TIs such as deposition and exfoliation techniques. Since it is hard to observe the TSS, we introduced several specialized analysis tools such as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, spin-momentum locking, and weak antilocalization. Finally, we reviewed the various fields to utilize the unique properties of TIs and summarized research trends of their applications.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.609-614
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• 2002

The remodeling process of bone is accompanied by complex changes in the expression levels of various genes. Several approaches have been employed to detect differentially-expressed genes in regard to osteoclast differentiation. In order to identify the genes that are involved in osteoclast differentiation, we used a cDNA-array-nylon membrane. Among 1,200 genes that showed ameasurable signal, 19 genes were chosen for further study. Eleven genes were up-regulated; eight genes were down-regulated. TIS21 was one of the up-regulated genes which were highly expressed in mature osteoclasts. To verify the cDNA microarray results, we carried out RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for the TIS21 gene. The TIS21 mRNA level was higher in differentiated-osteoclasts when compared to undifferentiated bone-marrow macrophages. Furthermore, the treatment with $1\;{\mu}M$ of a TIS21 antisense oligonucleotide reduced the formation of osteoclasts from the bone-marrow-precursor cells by ~30%. These results provide evidence for the potential role of TIS21 in the differentiation of osteoclasts.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.175-182
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• 2015

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop the Korean version of the trunk impairment scale (K-TIS) and to examine reliability and responsiveness of the K-TIS in patients with stroke. Methods Subjects of the study were 51 stroke patients (mean age: 57.78 years) recruited from two stroke clinics. For the interrater and test-retest reliability, two raters measured the K-TIS two times using video clips with an interval of 2 weeks. For the responsiveness, intensive physical therapy training was provided to all participants 2 times a day for one month or three months depending on the onset of the stroke and the admission rules of the two clinics. Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of the K-TIS three subscales (static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance, and coordination) scores and total scores were examined using intra-correlation coefficient ($ICC_{3,1}$) and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). To examine responsiveness, the minimally important difference (MID) was calculated with effect size. Results: Inter-rater reliability of the K-TIS subscales and total scores were all high (ICC3,1=0.920-0.983 and r=0.924-0.984). For the test-retest reliability, $ICC_{3,1}$=0.805-0.901 and r=0.806-0.903, and the MID for acute and post-acute as well as chronic stroke patients remained in the mean change range. Conclusion: It is suggested that the K-TIS might be used for clinical and research purposes as a standardized tool for stroke patients. In addition, it can also be useful in establishment of treatment goal(s) and planning treatment program(s) for patients with stroke.