• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate vertical movement properties of precipitation passing forest stands (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida stands) in Chunchon, Kangwon-do. The results were as follows: The pH range of precipitation was 4.08∼7.08, and the average pH showed 6.2$\pm$0.7. The average pH of the Pinus densiflora stand showed that the stemflow was 5.9$\pm$0.9, and the throughfall was 6.0$\pm$0.8. The pH value of stemflow and throughfall in the Pinus rigida stand was lower than for the Pinus densiflora stand. Changes of the cation concentrations in two different stands, $Ca^{2+}$, increased more than the $Mg^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, and N $a^{+}$ions. Anions, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ and N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ increased more than C $l^{[-10]}$ . Leaching and washout for each species differed by precipitation and influence of tree organs (crown, branch, stem, etc.).etc.).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.364-373
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• 1999

This study aims to clarify the effect of forest management practices(thinning and pruning) on soil physical properties and water quality to get the fundamental information on the facility of purifying water quality after forestry practices. Rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, soil and stream water were sampled at the study sites which consist of Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis, in Kwangnung Experimental Forest for 6 months from March 1 to August 7, 1998. Average tree height of the management site increased by 1.8m and 0.6m more than that of the non-management site in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis, respectively. Increment of average D.B.H. at the management site showed 4.7cm and 1.4cm more in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis compared with that at non-management sites. Coarse(less than pF2.7) and total porosities of A layer soil at the management site increased more than those at the non-management sites in both stands. Otherwise, soil bulk density resulted in being reversely. Water qualities of throughfall, stemflow and soil water were buffered more by the management practice in both.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.181-185
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• 2001

경제개발과 함께 중화학 공장의 건설, 화력발전 그리고 자동차 등에 의한 화석연료의 급격한 사용의 증대와 인구의 도시 집중화는 공업지역 등 대도시 지역에 있어서 급격히 대기오염을 증대 시켰다. 황산화물의 농도는 도시와 공업지대에서 증가하고 있고, 질소산화물의 오염은 넓은 지역으로 이동하여 직ㆍ간접적인 대기오염의 피해를 가져오고 있다.(중략)

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate vertical movement properties of water quality or chemical composition in three different forest stands (Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and Quercus spp. stands) in Gwangju-gun and Gyunggi-do. The results were as follows ; The pH range of precipitation was 4.62 ~ 6.72, and the average pH showed 5.74. The relationship of pH among throughfall, stemflow and precipitation showed difference of buffering capacity in tree species. According tree species, acided stemflow and alkalized stemflow had the characteristic value. In three stands, changes of the pH in early rain were larger than those of succeeding rain, except October 1998 and April 1999. Early rain influenced the cation in the acidity and concentration, but succeeding rain influenced the anion such as S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$, N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ , C $l^{[-10]}$ etc. And anion components exist with gas type and minute particles, as a result, succeeding rain influenced to chemical properties by the sustaining washout.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 1993

These studies were carried out to investigate water yield from small forested watersheds at Choosan Stream-Gauging Stations in Chollanam-do province from May 11, 1991 to December 31, 1992. The purpose of these studies was to obtain useful informations as distribution of precipitation, canopy interception, stemflow, throughfall and run-off from the small forested watersheds. The precipitation at Choosan from May to December, 1991 was 1,306.6mm and at Choosan from January to December, 1992 was 1,143.4mm. The rate of canopy interception in Pinus taeda stand is 24.3% and 27% in Pinus densiflora stand. The run-off rate from the watershed was 48.87% at Bukmoongol small forested watershed and 41.19% at Baramgol small forested watershed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1013-1025
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• 2022

This study was carried out to analyze water cycle characteristics and evaluate water retention function in Jeju Gotjawal forest from 2013 to 2017. The average ratio of throughfall, stemflow, interception loss in Seonhul Gotjawal (SH) and Cheongsu Gotjawal (CS) was 43.1%, 15.8%, and 41.1%, respectively. Rainfall-throughfall, rainfall-stemflow, and rainfall-interception loss were expressed as linear regression equation (p<0.001). The comparison results showed that SH was higher than CS (p<0.05), indicating that the canopy area had an important effect on the difference in stand structure. The average water resources retention rate of the Gotjawal region was 41.9%, which is similar to the total water resources retention rate (40.6%) of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (JSSGP). Currently, the development of Gotjawal is in progress in JSSGP. The development of Gotjawal will lead to a decrease in the water resources retention rate due to changes in the surface environment such as an increase in impervious areas, which will affect the total groundwater content of JSSGP. Therefore, the conservation of the Gotjawal area is judged to be very important from the point of view of water conservation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to compare nutrient input by throughfall, stemflow and litterfall and concentration of nutrient in soil water between deciduous forest stand and Larix kaempferi plantation at Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. The amount of rainfall interception during study period in deciduous forest stand and L. kaempferi plantation was 12% and 36%, respectively. Concentrations of cation ($Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$) in throughfall were not different, while concentration of $Cl^-$ in stemflow was higher in L. kaempferi plantation. The results indicated that annual nutrient inputs by rainfall with the exception of $Cl^-$ were significantly greater in deciduous forest stand. In soil water, concentrations of anion ($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$) in A-layer, and $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ in B-layer were higher in L. kaempferi plantation. Litterfall input during study period was $2,589kg\;ha^{-1}$ in deciduous forest stand and $1,046kg\;ha^{-1}$ in L. kaempferi plantation. Concentration of N was higher in L. kaempferi plantation, while N input from litterfall was greater in the deciduous forest stand ($36.81kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) than L. kaempferi plantation ($16.16kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$). $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in litterfall collected from deciduous forest stand were found to be higher than those from the L. kaempferi plantation. Also, input of those were greater in deciduous forest stand. Thus, total nutrient input by throughfall, stemflow and litterfall was greater in deciduous forest stand than L. kaempferi plantation, significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.52-59
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find end-members and tracers which are effective to be applied in the End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for runoff separation at the Gwangneung coniferous forest catchment (13.6ha), Gyeonggido, Korea. We monitored three successive rainfall events during two weeks from June 26, 2005 to July 10, 2005, and analysed chemical properties of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, groundwater and soil water considered as main components of storm runoff. The followings are the results of analyses of each component and tracer. Groundwater, soil water and rainfall (or throughfall) were dominant runoff components. Rainfall and groundwater were selected as main components for the two components-one tracer mixing model, and groundwater, soilwater and throughfall were selected as main components for the three components-two tracers mixing model. Tracers were selected from anion ($Cl^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$), cation ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Ca^{2+}$) and Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) in event 1, 2, and 3. $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and ANC were selected in the two components-one tracer mixing model and ${SO_4}^{2-}-K^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Na^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$-ANC, and $Ca^{2+}$-ANC were selected in the three components-two tracers mixing model. Selected main runoff components and tracers can provide basic information to determine the contribution rate of each runoff component and identify the runoff process in a forest watershed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to compare nutrient natural input between thinned and unthinned natural hardwood stands at Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. Throughfall, stemflow, A-layer and B-layer soil water as well as litterfall were sampled at two-week intervals during the period of June to October from 2002 to 2004. The amount of rainfall interception in thinned and unthinned natural hardwood stands was as 12% and 18%, respectively. The results indicated that there was no difference in annual nutrient input by rainfall between thinned and unthinned stands. $Na^+$, $Cl^-$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of A-layer soil water in the unthinned stand were higher than those in the thinned stand. In the B-layer soil water, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations in the unthinned stand were higher than those in thinned stand. Mean annual litterfall input was $2,706kg\;ha^{-1}$ in unthinned stand and $2,589kg\;ha^{-1}$ in thinned stand. Total-N input from litterfall was $50.28kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the unthinned stand and $36.81kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the thinned stand, while there was no difference in exchangeable cation input from litterfall between thinned and unthinned stands. Thus, the difference in nutrient inputs except for N by throughfall, stemflow and litterfall between the two stands was not influenced by thinning.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.343-343
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• 2023

식생피복(Vegetation cover)은 대기 중의 강우와 토양 사이에서 침식으로부터 표토를 보호하는 역할을 한다. 자유 낙하하는 강우의 물방울은 식생을 통과하면서 차단(interception), 수관통과(throughfall), 수간유하(stemflow)의 형태로 변화한다. 식생은 강우입자의 운동에너지와 수량을 감소시키고, 지표면에 도달하는 시간을 지연시킴에 따라 지표유출(overland flow) 저감에 기여한다. 유출수의 흐름과정에서 식물의 줄기, 낙엽, 뿌리 등은 유속을 감소시키는 장애물로 작용하여 궁극적으로 토양침식은 감소한다. 토양침식은 식생피복이 증가함에 따라 일반적으로 감소하며, 지수함수의 관계를 갖는다. 식생의 종류와 구조 그리고 잎의 모양 등에 따라 수문물리적인 반응이 달라진다. 캐노피를 갖는 지상식물(canopy cover plant)은 물방울의 운동에너지를 갖는 반면, 지피식물(ground cover plant)은 낙하고가 작기 때문에 운동에너지는 적으며, 특히 낙엽층은 지표면을 보호하여 토양침식의 저감효과가 더욱 크다. 산불지역의 식생피복에 따른 토양침식 측정 자료에 따르면, 강우운동에너지는 식생피복이 증가함에 따라 지상피복(canopy cover)에 의한 감소보다는 지면피복(ground cover)과 낙엽피복(litter cover)에 의한 감소효과가 상대적으로 컸다. 식생피복에 의해 차단되는 강우의 손실량보다 침투량 증가에 의한 손실량이 상대적으로 많았다. 낙엽피복에 대한 강우모의 실험 결과에 따르면, 낙엽의 피복율이 증가함에 따라 지수적으로 토양침식량은 감소하였다. 낙엽 피복율의 40% 이상은 토양침식량을 현격이 감소시킨 반면, 피복율의 70% 이상은 지표유출량을 현저히 감소시켰다. 낙엽 피복율이 70%이상이면, 유출계수가 33%가 감소하였으나, 토양침식민감도는 94%로 크게 감소하였다.