• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.562-570
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the percentage of the net precipitation in Korean Pine(Pious koraiensis S. et Z.) stand separated by monthly, annually, the amount of rainfall and distance away from stem, at University of Sangji, Wonju, Kangwon province, during the period from April 1993 to October 1996. The average percentage of net precipitation showed 55.7% of the total precipitation, the minimum percentage of net precipitation was 45.7% in May and the maximum percentage was 62.9% in July. The average percentage of net precipitation at 0.3m far away from the stem showed 45.9% of the total precipitation and showed 60.3% at 0.6m distance. The average percentage of net precipitation within precipitation of 10mm and less showed 37.5% of tatoal precipitation and showed 70.9% within precipitation of 100mm and over. The relationship between percentage of through-fall and total precipitation were highly significant. It was estimated to be $Y_{(%)}=12.35LnX_{(mm)}+9.45$($R^2=0.735^{(**)}$). The relationship between stemflow and rainfall was estimated to be $Y_{({\ell})}=0.27X_{(mm)}-1.83$($R^2=0.921^{(**)}$). The relationship between percentage of net precipitation and total precipitation was estimated to be $Y_{(%)}=13.79LnX_{(mm)}+4.56$($R^2=0.946^{(**)}$) with significance at 1% level.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.15-22
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of ions in rainwater by stem flow, through fall and rainfall in Pinus thunbergii forest in Ulsan industrial complex area and Mt. Jiri area. pH of rainwater in Ulsan industrial complex area was low as compared with those in Mt. Jiri area. EC of rainwater in Ulsan industrial complex area was mainly high and there was twice difference in stemflow and through fall as compared to Mt. Jiri area. The concentration of major ions in rainwater, especially $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ in stem flow were generally high at Ulsan industrial complex area, while anions were high in the order of ${SO_4}^{2-}>{NO_3}^{-}>Cl^-$ in both areas. There was a wide difference in ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentration in the stem flow between both areas. ${SO_4}^{2-}$ from air pollutants will result into acidification of forest soils and thereafter cause damages on forest ecosystems.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.246-258
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• 2012

Particulate matter deposited on leaf surfaces may cause erosion/abrasion of epicuticular wax and the malfunction of stomata. However, the deposition processes of particulate matter, such as elemental carbon (EC), has not been studied sufficiently in Asian forest ecosystems. Deposition processes for particulate ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and EC were studied in a Japanese cedar forest in Kajikawa, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and in a dry evergreen forest and a dry deciduous forest in Sakaerat, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. The ${SO_4}^{2-}$ fluxes attributed to rainfall outside the forest canopy (RF), throughfall (TF), and stemflow (SF) showed distinct seasonalities at both sites, increasing from November to February at the Kajikawa site and in March/April at the Sakaerat site. Seasonal west/northwest winds in winter may transport sulfur compounds across the Sea of Japan to the Kajikawa site. At the Sakaerat site, pollutants suspended in the air or dry deposits from the dry season might have been washed away by the first precipitations of the wet season. The EC fluxes from RF and TF showed similar variations by season at the Kajikawa site, while the flux from TF was frequently lower than that from RF at the Sakaerat site. Particulate matter strongly adsorbed onto leaf surfaces is not washed away by rainfall and contributes to the EC flux. At the Kajikawa site, Japanese cedar leaf surfaces accumulated the highest levels of particulate matter and could not be neglected when calculating the total flux. When such leaf-surface particles were considered, the contribution of dry deposition to the total EC flux was estimated to be 67%, 77%, and 82% at the Kajikawa site, and at the evergreen and deciduous forests of the Sakaerat site, respectively. Leaf-surface particles must be included when evaluating the dry and total fluxes of particulate matter, in particular for water-insoluble constituents such as EC.