Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Deposition Process of Sulfate and Elemental Carbon in Japanese and Thai Forests

  • Received : 2012.05.30
  • Accepted : 2012.09.19
  • Published : 2012.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Particulate matter deposited on leaf surfaces may cause erosion/abrasion of epicuticular wax and the malfunction of stomata. However, the deposition processes of particulate matter, such as elemental carbon (EC), has not been studied sufficiently in Asian forest ecosystems. Deposition processes for particulate ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and EC were studied in a Japanese cedar forest in Kajikawa, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and in a dry evergreen forest and a dry deciduous forest in Sakaerat, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. The ${SO_4}^{2-}$ fluxes attributed to rainfall outside the forest canopy (RF), throughfall (TF), and stemflow (SF) showed distinct seasonalities at both sites, increasing from November to February at the Kajikawa site and in March/April at the Sakaerat site. Seasonal west/northwest winds in winter may transport sulfur compounds across the Sea of Japan to the Kajikawa site. At the Sakaerat site, pollutants suspended in the air or dry deposits from the dry season might have been washed away by the first precipitations of the wet season. The EC fluxes from RF and TF showed similar variations by season at the Kajikawa site, while the flux from TF was frequently lower than that from RF at the Sakaerat site. Particulate matter strongly adsorbed onto leaf surfaces is not washed away by rainfall and contributes to the EC flux. At the Kajikawa site, Japanese cedar leaf surfaces accumulated the highest levels of particulate matter and could not be neglected when calculating the total flux. When such leaf-surface particles were considered, the contribution of dry deposition to the total EC flux was estimated to be 67%, 77%, and 82% at the Kajikawa site, and at the evergreen and deciduous forests of the Sakaerat site, respectively. Leaf-surface particles must be included when evaluating the dry and total fluxes of particulate matter, in particular for water-insoluble constituents such as EC.

Keywords

References

  1. Badarinath, K.V.S., Latha, K.M., Chand, T.R.K., Gupta, P.K. (2009) Impact of biomass burning on aerosol properties over tropical wet evergreen forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Atmospheric Research 91, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.023
  2. Chang, D., Song, Y. (2010) Estimates of biomass burning emissions in tropical Asia based on satellite-derived data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 2335-2351. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2335-2010
  3. Chambers, J.Q., Tribuzy, E.S., Toledo, L.C., Crispim, F., Higchi, N., dos Santos, J., Araujo, A.C., Kruijt, B., Nobre, A.D., Trumbore, S.E. (2004) Respiration from a tropical forest ecosystem: partitioning of sources and low carbon use efficiency. Ecological Applications 14(4) Supplement, S72-S88. https://doi.org/10.1890/01-6012
  4. Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Pritchett, L.C., Pierson, W.R., Frazier, C.A., Purcell, R.G. (1993) The DRI thermal/ optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmospheric Environment 27, 1185-1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90245-T
  5. Crossley, A., Fowler, D. (1986) The weathering of Scots pine epicuticular wax in polluted and clean air. New Phytol. 103, 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00609.x
  6. EANET (2000) Technical Manual for Wet Deposition Monitoring in East Asia. Network Center for EANET, Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center, Niigata, Japan.
  7. EANET (2011) Data Report 2010. Network Center for EANET, Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata, Japan.
  8. Endo, T., Yagoh, H., Sato, K., Matsuda, K., Hayashi, K., Noguchi, I., Sawada, K. (2011) Regional characteristics of dry deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds at EANET sites in Japan from 2003 to 2008. Atmospheric Environment 45, 1259-1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.003
  9. Erisman, J.W., Draaijers, G., Duyzer, J., Hofschreuder, P., van Leeuwen, N., Romer, F., Ruijgrok, W., Wyers, P., Gallagher, M. (1997) Particle deposition to forests- Summary of results and application. Atmospheric Environment 31, 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00223-3
  10. Fujimura, Y., Matsuda, K., Sato, K., Ohizumi, T. (2011) Dry deposition estimation of sulfur oxides on forests in East Asia -Estimation of simplified methodology on deposition velocity estimation-. Earozoru Kenkyu 26(4), 286-295. (in Japanese with English summary)
  11. Grill, D., Golob, P. (1983) SEM-investigations of different dust depositions on the surface of coniferous needles, and the effect on the needle-wax. Aquilo, Serie Botanica 19, 255-261.
  12. Hachiya, K. (1983) Material production. In Sugi-no-subete (Everything about Japanese cedar, Sakaguchi, K. eds) National Forestry Extension Association of Japan (in Japanese), pp. 78-87.
  13. Hokura, A., Chiba, H., Satake, K., Nakai, I. (2009) Development of a new sampling method using synthetic resin adhesive for environmental monitoring of heavy-metal deposits on tree bark. Bunseki Kagaku 58, 265-271. (in Japanese with English summary) https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.58.265
  14. Huang, X.F., Yu, J.Z. (2008) Size distributions of elemental carbon in the atmosphere of a coastal urban area in South China: characteristics, evolution processes, and implications for the mixing state. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, 5843-5853. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5843-2008
  15. Japan Meteorological Agency (2012) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html.
  16. Kamisako, M., Sase, H., Matsui, T., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, A., Oida, T., Nakata, M., Totsuka, T., Ueda, H. (2008) Seasonal and annual fluxes of inorganic constituents in a small catchment of a Japanese cedar forest near the Sea of Japan. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 195, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9726-8
  17. Katata, G., Nagai, H. (2010) Recent trend and problems in modeling particle deposition onto vegetation. Earozoru Kenkyu 25(4), 323-330. (in Japanese with English summary)
  18. Kawahara, T. (1983) Material cycles. In Sugi-no-subete (Everything about Japanese cedar, Sakaguchi, K. Eds) National Forestry Extension Association of Japan (in Japanese), pp. 87-99.
  19. Lindberg, S.E., Lovett, G.M. (1992) Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airborne sulfur: results from the integrated forest study. Atmospheric Environment 26A, 1477-1492.
  20. Lovett, G.M. (1992) Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of nitrogen, InAtmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling (Johnson, D.W., Lindberg, S.E. Eds), Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 152-166.
  21. Lovett, G.M., Lindberg, S.E., Richter, D.D., Johnson, D.W. (1985) The effects of acidic deposition on cation leaching from three deciduous forest canopies. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, 1055-1060. https://doi.org/10.1139/x85-171
  22. Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., Streets, D.G. (2011) Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emission in China and India, 1996-2010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 9839-9864. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011
  23. Matsuda, K., Fujimura, Y., Hayashi, K., Takahashi, A., Nakaya, K. (2010) Deposition velocity of PM2.5 sulfate in the summer above a deciduous forest in central Japan. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4582-4587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.015
  24. Matsuda, K., Watanabe, I., Wingpud, V., Theramongkol, P., Ohizumi, T. (2006) Deposition velocity of $O_{3}$ and $SO_{2}$ in the dry and wet season above a tropical forest in northern Thailand. Atmospheric Environment 40, 7557-7564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.003
  25. Matsuda, K., Sase, H., Murao, N., Fukazawa, T., Khoomsub, K., Chanonmuang, P., Visaratana, T., Khummongkol, P. (2012) Dry and wet deposition of elemental carbon on a tropical forest in Thailand. Atmospheric Environment 54, 282-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.022
  26. Mayer, R. (1993) Filtering of air-borne contaminants by vegetation canopies. In Soil Monitoring (Schulin, R., Desaules, A., Webster, R., von Steiger, B. Eds), Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 89-103.
  27. Network Center for EANET (2010) Report of the Interlaboratory Comparison Project 2010. Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata, Japan.
  28. Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., Hayasaka, T. (2007) An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 4419-4444. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007
  29. Ohizumi, T., Take, N., Moriyama, N., Suzuki, O., Kusakabe, M. (2001). Seasonal and spatial variations in the chemical and sulfur isotopic composition of acid deposition in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 130, 1679-1684. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013977619465
  30. Rautio, P., Huttunen, S. (2003) Total vs. internal element concentrations in Scots pine needles along a sulphur and metal pollution gradient. Environmental Pollution 122, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00289-0
  31. Robertson, A.L., Malhi, Y., Farfen-Amezquita, F., Eduardo, L., Aragao, C., Espejo, J.E.S., Robertson, M.A. (2010) Stem respiration in tropical forests along an elevation gradient in the Amazon and Andes. Global Change Biology 16, 3193-3204.
  32. Sanhueza, E., Elbert, W., Rondon, A., Arias, M.C., Hermeso, M. (1989) Organic and inorganic acids in rain from a remote site of the Venezuelan savannah. Tellus 41B, 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00134.x
  33. Sanhueza, E., Arias, M.C., Donoso, L., Graterol, N., Hermoso, M. Marti, I., Romero, J., Rondon, A., Santana, M. (1992) Chemical composition of acid rains in the Venezuelan savannah region. Tellus 44B, 54-62.
  34. Sase, H., Takamatsu, T. (2009) Atmospheric deposition and its leaf surface interactions in Japanese cedar forests. In Forest Canopies: Forest Production, Ecosystem Health and Climate Conditions (Creighton, J.D. and Roney, P.J. Eds). Nova Science Publishers. pp. 127-141.
  35. Sase, H., Takamatsu, T., Yoshida, T., Inubushi, K. (1998) Changes in properties of epicuticular wax and the related water loss in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) affected by anthropogenic environmental factors. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, 546-556. https://doi.org/10.1139/x98-021
  36. Sase, H., Takahashi, A., Sato, M., Kobayashi, H., Nakata, M., Totsuka, T. (2008) Seasonal variation in the atmospheric deposition of inorganic constituents and canopy interactions in a Japanese cedar forest. Environmental Pollution 152, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.023
  37. Shibata, H., Sakuma, T. (1996) Canopy modification of precipitation chemistry in deciduous and coniferous forests affected by acidic deposition. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 42, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1996.10414683
  38. Staelens, J., Houle, D., De Schrijver, A., Neirynck, J., Verheyen, K. (2008) Calculating dry deposition and canopy exchange with the canopy budget model: Review of assumption and application to two deciduous forests. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 191, 149-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9614-2
  39. Takamatsu, T., Sase, H., Takada, J. (2001a) Some physiological properties of Cryptomeria japonica leaves from Kanto, Japan: potential factors causing tree decline. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 663-672. https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-204
  40. Takamatsu, T., Sase, H., Takada, J., Matsushita, R. (2001b) Annual changes in some physiological properties of Cryptomeria japonica leaves from Kanto. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 130, 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013962902375
  41. Takamatsu, T., Takada, J., Matsushita, R., Sase, H. (2000) Aerosol elements on tree leaves -Antimony as a possible indicator of air pollution-. Global Environmental Research 4(1), 49-60.
  42. Turunen, M., Huttunen, S. (1990) A review of the response of epicuticular wax of conifer needles to air pollution. Journal of Environmental Quallity 19, 35-45.
  43. Wachirinrat, C., Takeda, H. (2003) Litterfall patterns of dry deciduous and evergreen forests in Sakaerat and vicinity area, northeastern Thailand. In Final report for NRCT, Decomposition and nutrient cycling processes in tropical seasonal forests in Thailand (Takeda, H., Khamyong, S., Wiwatwitaya, D. Eds), Kyoto University, Kyoto, pp. 7-23.
  44. Yamashita, N., Ohta, S., Sase, H., Luangjame, J., Visaratana, T., Kietvuttinon, B., Garivait, H., Kanzaki, M. (2010) Seasonal and spatial variation of nitrogen dynamics in the litter and surface soil layers on a tropical dry evergreen forest slope. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 1502-1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.026

Cited by

  1. Alkalinization and acidification of stream water with changes in atmospheric deposition in a tropical dry evergreen forest of northeastern Thailand vol.31, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11062
  2. Deposition of long-range transported particulate matter on the needle surfaces of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) grown in Nagasaki located in the western region of Japan pp.1881-0136, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.D-18-00016
  3. Export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate from temperate forested catchments: a possible new index for nitrogen saturation vol.15, pp.22, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7025-2018