• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.425-443
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• 2013

We developed problem-solving type inquiry learning programs reflecting scientists' research process and analyzed the activities of science-gifted high school students, and the understanding and the effects of the programs after implementation in class. For this study, twelve science-gifted students in the 10th grade participated in the program, which consisted of three different modules - making a cycloidal pendulum, surface growth, and synchronization using metronomes. Diet Cola Test (DCT) was used to find out the effect on the improvement of the ability to design experiments by comparing pre/post scores, with a survey and an interview being conducted after the class. Each module consisted of a series of processes such as questioning the phenomenon scientifically, designing experiments to find solutions, and doing activities to solve the problems. These enable students to experience problem-solving type research process through the program class. According to this analysis, most students were likely to understand the characteristics of problem-solving type inquiry learning programs reflecting the scientists' research process. According to the students, there are some differences between this program class and existing school class. The differences are: 'explaining phenomenon scientifically,' 'designing experiments for themselves,' and 'repeating the experiments several times.' During the class students have to think continuously, design several experiments, and carry them out to solve the problems they found at first. Then finally, they were able to solve the problems. While repeating this kind of activities they have been able to experience the scientists' research process. Also, they showed a positive attitude toward the scientists' research by understanding problem-solving type research process. These problem-solving type inquiry learning programs seem to have positive effects on students in designing experiments and offering the opportunity for critical argumentation on the causes of the phenomena. The results of comparing pre/post scores for DCT revealed that almost every student has improved his/her ability to design experiments. Students who were accustomed to following teacher's instructions have had difficulty in designing the experiments for themselves at the beginning of the class, but gradually, they become used to doing it through the class and finally were able to do it systematically.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1995

Field studies on the seasonal succesion of phytoplankton population were carried out at the 25 stations of the breeding ground in Kogum-sudo, Southern coast of Korean peninsula in Feburuary, April, August and October, 1993. Sixty four species belonging to 40 genera were identified. Predominant species were mainly centric diatoms throughout the four seasons, two centric diatoms, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira sp. and a pennate diatom, Thaiassionema nitzschioides in the winter; two pennate diatoms, Thaiassionema nitzschioides and Asterionella kariana, and especially a dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa triquetra (station 10) in the spring, two centric diatoms, S. costatum and Chaetoceros diadema in the summer; and a centric diatom, Rhizosolenia alata and a pennate diatom, Bacillaria paxillifer in the fall. The main red tide organisms in the breeding ground were dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum dentatum, P. minimum, P. triestinum, Ceratium furro, Gymnodinium sanguineum, Noctiluca scintillans, H. triquetra, Scrippsiella trichoidea and a diatom S. costatum in the Kogum Sudo. Seasonal phytoplankton cell numbers were in a wide range between $8.8\times10^3$ cells/l and 1.4\times10^6$ cells/l; The seasonal average cell numbers were $12.2\times10^4\pm5.9\times10^4$ cells/l $(mean\;\pm\;standard\; diviation)$ in the winter, $3.3\times10^4\pm1.4\times10^4$ cells/l in the spring, $48.4X10^4\pm40.0\pm10^4$ cells/l in the summer, and $3.6\times10^4\pm1.9\times10^4$ cells/l in the fall, respectively.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

This study analyzed the influence of the quality of medicinal food on perceived values, repurchase intention and recommendation intention. The objective of this study is to suggest the efficient operating direction for specialized medicinal food restaurants to grow as an axis of the food service industry by showing the future direction of medicinal food and establishing marketing strategies to maintain/secure customers. From June 15th to July 2nd, 2009, the survey was conducted for the customers of medicinal food restaurants, located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. After distributing 250 copies of questionnaire, 195 of them were collected and total 192 were used for the analysis after excluding three copies due to lack of showing sincerity. The analysis results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the quality of medicinal food was found to have a significant influence on 'functional value(t=5.519)' while having no influence on 'social value.' Second, the 'nutritional quality' of medicinal food was analyzed as having a significant influence on 'social value(t=10.954)' and 'functional value'(t=8.237).' Third, the 'medicinal quality' of medicinal food was analyzed as having no significant influence on 'social value(t=1.191)' and 'functional value(t=0.022).' Fourth, it was found that 'social value' had a significant influence on repurchase intention(t=9.743) and recommendation intention(t=9.154). Fifth, the functional value was analyzed as having a significant influence on repurchase intention(t=7.895) and recommendation intention(t=8.143). The results of the empirical analysis shown in this study properly support the theoretical standard system to achieve successful performance and useful information necessary for systematic operation of specialized medicinal food restaurants.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1167-1177
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• 1998

Background : Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the diseases characterized granuloma formation which was controlled by cellular immune reactions. In the process of granulomatous changes, activated alveolar macrophages and T lymphocytes secrete many cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-$\alpha$), interferon-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) which mediate inflammatory reactions. Intercelluar adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) also known to major role player in inflammatory processes, and increased cellular expressions when endothelial cell was stimulated by IL-1, TNF and IFN. Method : To evaluate relationships among cellular immune reactions and clinical stages, pulmonary tuberculosis patients were classified into three groups according to their clinical stages including minimal, moderate and far advanced tuberculosis. TNF-$\alpha$ IFN-$\gamma$, sICAM-1 (soluble form of ICAM-1) were measured at the time of diagnosis and after 6-months anti-tuberculosis medications by radioimmuno assay or enzyme linked immunosolvent assay. Result : TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\gamma$, sICAM-1 were significantly increased in moderate and far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis patients but no meaningful changes in minimal staged patients. 6-months anti-tuberculosis medications reduced serum sICAM-1 levels significantly, related to clinical improvement but no significant changes were found in the serum levels of TNF-$\alpha$ and IFN-$\gamma$. In the point of correlations. positive ones revealed between TNF-$\alpha$ and sICAM-1, also between IFN-$\gamma$ and sICAM-1 but no correlation between TNF-$\alpha$ and IFN-$\gamma$. Conclusion : Measurement of serum sICAM-1 could be useful parameter to evaluate the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis and to monitor disease activities during anti-tuberculosis medications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 1996

Objective : Cavitary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis sometimes makes problems in the course of treatment. Especially, retreatment cases tend to respond poorly to current antituberculosis agents. So, authors tried to render a guideline for clinical approach toward cavitary lesions in pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : Retrospective analysis of 33 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with cavitary lesions was made. All the patients had got treatment at National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital from Jan. 1995 to Aug. 1995. Results: The ratio between male and female was 10:1. Age distribution was 69.7% in 3rd and 4th decades. The locations of cavitary lesion were 60.6% in right upper lung field and 36.4% in left upper lung field. In the extent of disease, there were 12 cases(36.4%) in moderate advanced and 21 cases in far advanced. Cavitary lesions were closed in 5 eases and remained in 28 eases. In the cases of closed cavity, it was happened within $10.6{\pm}4.72$ months after they took treatment, the size of cavity was $35.5{\pm}17.1$ in long diameter, $27.0{\pm}12.2$ in short diameter and $4.6{\pm}2.1\;mm$ in wall thickness. In the cases of remained cavity, the size of cavity was $31.9{\pm}12.3$ in long diameter, $21.0{\pm}9.8$ in short diameter and $5.04{\pm}2.0\;mm$ in wall thickness. In terms of negative conversion, it took $3.8{\pm}2.17$ months in the case of closed cavity but it was happened within 5 months for only 4 patients in the case of remained cavity. In the point of past medication history, there was none in closed cavities but there were none in 1 case, once in 3 cases, two times in 9 cases and more than three times in 13 cases among remained cavitary lesions. Conclusion : In the retreatment cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitary lesions, they tend to respond poorly to current antituberculosis agents. So, if the lesions are localized, operative intervention may be a proper method as adjunctive treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 1998

Background: Lung cancer continues to increase worldwide. Also, the proportion of female patients incease and adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological type among lung cancer in many western countries. So, we studied these current trends of lung cancer by clinical approach of recent patients from our department Method: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 212 subjects who were diagnosed with lung cancer at the department of chest medicine in National Medical Center between January 1990 and July 1996. The contents of analysis were patient's profile, clinical manifestation, smoking habits, accuracy of diagnostic methods, histological cell type, staging and treatment, etc. Results: The results were as follows. 1) The ratio of male to female was 5.2 : 1. The peak incidence of age was 7th decade(35.4%). 2) Chief complaints were cough, dyspnea and chest pain, etc. The most common duration of symptoms before the first admission was less than 3 months(57.7%). On the other side, duration more than 1 year represented 6.5%. The early diagnosed patients has been increased from the 1980s. 3) Smokers among the total patients were 77.2%. The proportion of smokers in sqamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were 88.4%, 85.7% and 55.7%, respectively. Smoking history and histological cell type were correlated in squamous and small cell carcinoma. 4) Squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant histological type (44.8%), but, adenocarcinoma increased more than the previous study(30.7%). The other histological types were small cell carcinoma(17.0%) and large cell carcinoma(3.8%) in order of their proportions. 5) The accuracy of diagnostic methods were as follows: sputum cytology 75.3%, bronchoscopic biopsy 65.7%, lymph node aspiration cytology 95.8%, percutaneous lung aspiration cytology 94.6% and open lung biopsy 100%. The general accuracies of diagnostic methods were improved than previous studies. 6) Performance status scales on admission were relatively good. After diagnosis, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were undertaken in 69.3% of the patients, and only 7.5% of the patients were operated. Conclusion: In our study, squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant histological cell type, but, adenocarcinoma continues to increase. Because adenocarcinoma is less correlated with smoking habits, further evaluation of other carcinogens than smoking is requested. Screening and early diagnosis of lung cancer is important for good performance status scales in spite of advanced stages. But, we think that the prevention, for example, stop smokings is more important as because of no perfect treatment for lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.852-861
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• 1996

Background : Many clinicians have experienced the difficulty of decision on termination of antituberculosis chemotherapy after the 6th month due to relapse of disease. There is still controversy in the effect of 2S(K)HRZ/4HRZ 6-month short course chemotherapy including pyrazinamide for 6 months in patiems with pulmonary tuberculosis. And there is no long term follow-up study of 6-month short course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in korea. So we had performed the study to find the result of 6-month antituberculosis chemotherapy for 4 years. Method : We studied prospectively the effect of 2S(K)HRZ/4HRZ in one hundred-fifty patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and followed up fifty-nine patients for more than 1 year to 4 years after the completion of 6-month short course therapy. Results : 1) Out of one hundred-fifty patients, seventy-two patients(48%) completed the prescribed 6-month chemotherapy. Sixty-eight patients(45.3%) have experienced premature discontinuation and the most common cause of premature discontinuation was drop-out against advice(thirty-six patients, 24%). Ten patients(6.7%) were treated beyond the 6 months mainly due to irregular treatment. 2) Fifty-nine patients(81.9%) among seventy-two patients with completed treatment have been followed up for more than 1 year and 32 patients(44.4%) for more than 4 years. There was three relapse patients of whom two patients have experienced relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis within 1 year after the termination of chemotherapy. 3) Among one hundred-thirty-four patients who have been assessible for more than two months of chemotherapy, including the patients who experienced within 2 months, there were eighty-two patients(61.2%) who have experienced adverse reactions and the treatment regimen was changed only in thirteen patients(9.7%). The most frequent cause of adverse reactions was arthralgia and/or hyperuricemia, which had occurred in 33 patients(24.6%). Conclusion : In a university hospital in Korea, 6-month shot course chemotherapy of 2S(K)HRZ/4HRZ had unnegligible relapses and premature discontinuation. Therefore, change of the regimen might be carefully considered by drug susceptibility results. Close monitoring of patients, retrial of sputum exam and radiologic evaluation during treatment might be required in the endemic area of drug resistant strains like in Korea. Further study about the effect of 6-month short course chemotherapy including pyrazinamide for 6-month might be needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.338-350
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• 1988

In order to solve the taxonomic problems of the genus Juniperus growing in South Korea, an identification key of the genus and species was developed bayed un flower structure, cane and seed shape, branching habit, tree form, leaf characteristics etc. of the 7 native species and the a exotic cultivars. The typical pattern of karyotype found by chromosome analysis of the species was used for the identification among morphologically similar species. The length of chromosome were ranged $9{\sim}15{\mu}m$ in all studied specie. J. chinensis, var. procumbens, and var. kaizuka sere tetraploid, 4n=44, var. globosa, var. procumbens, var. horizontalis, J. virginiada, J. rigida, J. rigida var. longicarpa, and J. coreana were diploid, 2n=22. The species in the Sabina section showed large variation in the length of chromosome and kinetochore position. The species in the Oxycedrus section showed the cytological characteristics that the 11th chromosome t-type(acrocentric), and the m-type abundant chromosome set was relatively uniform as compared to those of the Sabina section. The species in the Sabina section, which are planted in the large city area, show great morphological variation because many different ecotypes were mixed and often crossed among them. In summary, this study was able to make clear identification and to find out similarity among Juniperus, species by the morphological and cytological analysis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.2 s.67
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• pp.85-92
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• 1986

This study was conducted to investigate host plant, bionomics, and damage on Bamboo Leaf Rollers in Chonnam area. Species of the leaf rollers attacking the bamboo trees in Chonnam area were Microstega jessica (Butler) and Sinibotys evenoralis (Walker). Among these species, M. jessica (B.) and S. evenoralis (W.) were observed in Damyang but S. evenoralis (W.) alone was found in Naju and Hwasoon. Among the 4 host plant species observed, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis S., and P. nigra M. were first recorded as host plants of M. jessica (B.), and P. nigra var. henonis (S.) as host plant of S. evenoralis (W.). The occurrence of the M. jessica (B). was once a year with the peak about late May, whereas the occurrence of S. evenoralis (W.) was 2 times a year and the peaks were early June and mid-July, respectively. The average periods of each stage of M. jessica (B.) were 8 days for egg, 293 days for larva, 16 days for pupa, and the longevity of the adult was 12 days for females and 9 days for males. The average periods of each stage of S. evenoralis (W.) were in 1st generation, 11 days for egg, 28 days for larva, 12 days for pupa, and the longevity of the adults was 18 days for females and 15 days for males; and 2nd generation was 7 days for egg, 261 days for larva, 20 days for pupa, and the longevity of the adults was 11 days for females and 10 days for males. The time of most adult emergence of M. jessica (B.) was from 6 p.m. to 4 a.m. and the peak was 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. M. jessica (B,) overwintered as 6th instals in Bamboo shoot sheath but S. evenoralis (W.) overwintered as $1st{\sim}2nd$ instals on the tree leaves of Bamboo. The percentage of damaged leaves with different heights of Bamboo trees were 67.1% at upper portion, 19.0% at middle portion, 14.0% at lower portion. The percentage of damaged loaves with different Bamboo species was 57.0% on P. nigra var. henonis S., 36.5% on P. bambusoides S. et Z., 14.5% on P. pubescens M.. It was showed highly significant negative correlation between percentage of damaged bamboo leaves an tree growth stages.($r=-0.739^{**}$)