• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.83-93
• /
• 2021

In this study, defluoridation efficiency by aluminium sulphate (alum) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were compared for recommended Nalgonda dose (100%) and 80% of this dose in both batch and continuous modes. The residual turbidity was found to be higher in case of alum as compared to PACl with 80% dose representing lesser efficient settling of suspensions, which primarily comprise alumino-fluoro complexes that result in high residual aluminium in the treated water and this was confirmed by TEM and Zeta analysis. Moreover, the application of PACl also resulted in much lesser addition to the TDS and also required lesser lime for pH compensation due to its lower acidity. Hence this reduced dose was recommended for defluoridation. It was also observed that in case of alum, residual aluminium in treated water was 0.88 mg/L (100% dose) & 0.72 mg/L (80% dose) and in case of PACl, it was 0.52 mg/L(100% dose) & 0.41 mg/L(80% dose). After subsequent microfiltration, residual aluminium was 0.28 & 0.21 mg/L for 100% & 80% dose respectively and in case of alum and in case of PACl, it was 0.16 & 0.11 for 100% & 80% dose respectively, which conform to the Al standards(<0.2 mg/L).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.225-236
• /
• 2013

Among several bacteria examined, an antibacterial-producing Lactobacillus strain with probiotic characteristics was selected and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Subsequent purification and mode of action of the antibacterial compounds on target cells including E. coli were investigated. Maximum production of the antibacterial compound was recorded at 18 h incubation at $30^{\circ}C$. Interestingly, antibacterial activity remained unchanged after heating at $121^{\circ}C$ for 45 min, 24 h storage in temperature range of $70^{\circ}C$ to room temperature, and 15 min exposure to UV light, and it was stable in the pH of range 2-10. The active compounds were inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, indicating their proteinaceous nature, and, therefore, referred to as bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances. Isolation and partial purification of the effective agent was done by performing ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the GFC-purified active compound (~3 kDa) was determined by Tris-Tricine SDS-PAGE. To predict the mechanisms of action, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of ultrathin sections of E. coli before and after antibacterial treatment was carried out. TEM analysis of antibacterial compounds-treated E. coli demonstrated that the completely altered bacteria appear much darker compared with the less altered bacteria, suggesting a change in the cytoplasmic composition. There were also some membrane-bound convoluted structures visible within the completely altered bacteria, which could be attributed to the response of the E. coli to the treatment with the antibacterial compound. According to the in vivo experiments oral administration of L. plantarum HKN01 resulted in recovery of infected BALB/c mice with Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.464-466
• /
• 2009

This study tried to examine the suitability of strip casting process such as PFC (Planar Flow Casting) method for soldering Au-Sn strip. The effect of heat treatment on the tensile behavior and mechanical properties of an Au-Sn strip was investigated through tensile test, micro hardness test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and TEM observations. It was apparent that 20-mm width Au-Sn strip could be well produced by using planar flow casting process. Tensile results showed that tensile strength increased from 338.3MPa to 310MPa and plastic strain improved from 0% to 1.5% with heat treatment ($170^{\circ}C$/70 hrs.). The microstructure of Au-Sn strip mainly consisted of two phases; $Au_5Sn(\zeta)$ and AuSn($\sigma$). It was also found that inhomogeneous amorphous local structure continuously changed to the homogeneous two phases microstructure with heat treatment. The fractographical observation after tensile test indicated the cleavage fracture mode of as-casted Au-Sn strip. On the other hand, the heat treated Au-Sn strip showed that fracture propagated along interface between brittle AuSn and ductile $Au_5Sn$ phases. The deformation behavior of strip casted Au-Sn alloy with microstructural evolution and the improve method for ductility of this alloy was also suggested.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.120-127
• /
• 2005

연속적으로 연결된 방향성 결합기를 사용한 트랜스버설 필터 설계 방법을 제안하였다. 그 결합기형 트랜스버설 필터는 연속적으로 변화하는 불균일 결합선로로 간주될 수 있다. 이 설계 방법은 결합도 주파수 특성 패턴이 갖는 극점을 제어함으로써 원하는 결합도의 최적값을 도출하는데 기반을 두며, 이 최적화 과정에서 Woodward-Lawson 샘플링법을 개선 및 적용시키므로서 트랜스버설 필터가 갖는 분포된 지연요소와 가중치 요소를 쉽게 합성할 수 있도록 하였다. 응용을 위해 스펙트럴 영역법을 사용하여 마이크로스트립 트랜스버설 필터를 제작하고 결합기의 모드 위상속도 보상을 위해 최적한 유전체 덮개층을 적용시켰다. 실험결과로부터 제안한 방법의 타당성을 검증하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정밀공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.810-813
• /
• 2003

Wide spread using of mobile and handy electronic apparatus is giving rise to a question on the harmfulness of health and causing troubles when electical and electronic equipments are in use. This paper reports on the experimental results obtained by using a pliable and structured specimen that has a long shape aperture, made of stainless steel fibers. Based on the TEM mode transfer structure that was designed and manufactured through HFSS, we measured electromagnetic shielding effectives, where the network analyzer was applied. We could draw a conclusion from this research that the metal fabric showed a good electromagnetic shielding effect, mainly by means of the good reflex loss at the fiber surface. Even though the material itself possesses a good absorption loss. the specimen revealed that structural factors. e.g.. the shape of the aperture. the size of the aperture, etc., can have a more influence on the shielding effect than the components of material have. A special notice is required for modeling and analyzing the electromagnetic characteristics of metal fabrics, because there exists a strong possibility that multiple reflection can happen on the surface of metal fibers. which can presume a model of fiber bundle and fabric structure.

• 한국자기학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.115-120
• /
• 2003

스퍼터링 방법으로 FM/M/FM의 다층박막을 증착한 다음 초소형 박막 인덕터를 제작하기 위하여 반도체 공정을 대체할 수 있는 레이저 미세가공 기술을 개발하였다. TE $M_{00}$ 모드로 발진하는 CW Nd:YAG 레이저를 active Q-switching 하여 펄스폭이 200 ns인 극 초단 레이저 펄스를 얻었다. 레이저 미세가공 조건을 반복율 5 kHz, 펄스 당 에너지 5 mJ/pulse로 최적화 하여 분해능이 20 $\mu\textrm{m}$인 line patterning을 얻었다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.46-50
• /
• 2017

The Zn1-xMnxO ($0.00{\leq}x{\leq}0.06$) samples have been synthesized in the form of powder by the coprecipitation method at low temperature using $Zn(CH_3COO)_2$. $2H_2O$ and $Mn(CH_3COO)_2$. $4H_2O$ powders, as well as HCl and $NH_4OH$ solutions as starting materials. Characterization was conducted using XRD, TEM, XRF, FTIR and VSM. The result shows that the $Zn_{(1-x)}Mn_xO$ ($0.00{\leq}x{\leq}0.06$) nanoparticles have the wurtzite phase with a hexagonal structure and particle sizes ranging from 17.48 to 118.83 nm. In a qualitative analysis of XRF, the peaks that confirm the existence of the manganese element in Mn-doped ZnO samples were observed. Meanwhile, FTIR test result shows that there are peaks at around $500cm^{-1}$ and $400cm^{-1}$ in the FTIR spectra for Mn doped ZnO samples which clearly reveal the existence of the (Zn, Mn)-O strain mode. The (Zn, Mn)-O absorption peak positions have shifted to a lower wave number with increasing Mn doping content. The peak intensity is also lower if compared to that of the ZnO sample without doping. From the VSM test, it is shown that $Zn_{(1-x)}Mn_xO$ ($0.00{\leq}x{\leq}0.06$) nanoparticles are all paramagnetic having monotonically increased susceptibility as increasing Mn content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제25권8호
• /
• pp.1299-1306
• /
• 2015

This study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of the cinnamon bark essential oil (CB), when used singly and also in combination with piperacillin, for its antimicrobial and synergistic activity against beta-lactamase TEM-1 plasmid-conferred Escherichia coli J53 R1. Viable count of bacteria for this combination of essential oil and antibiotic showed a complete killing profile at 20 h and further confirmed its synergistic effect by reducing the bacteria cell numbers. Analysis on the stability of treated cultures for cell membrane permeability by CB when tested against sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the bacterial cell membrane was disrupted by the essential oil. Scanning electron microscopy observation and bacterial surface charge measurement also revealed that CB causes irreversible membrane damage and reduces the bacterial surface charge. In addition, bioluminescence expression of Escherichia coli [pSB1075] and E. coli [pSB401] by CB showed reduction, indicating the possibility of the presence of quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. Gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry of the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum showed that trans-cinnamaldehyde (72.81%), benzyl alcohol (12.5%), and eugenol (6.57%) were the major components in the essential oil. From this study, CB has the potential to reverse E. coli J53 R1 resistance to piperacillin through two pathways; modification in the permeability of the outer membrane or bacterial QS inhibition.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.324-328
• /
• 2024

This study analyzed the influence of ball size and process control agents on the refinement and dehydrogenation behavior of TiH₂ powder. Powders milled using ZrO₂ balls with diameters of 0.1 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.3+0.5+1 mm exhibited a bimodal particle size distribution, of which the first mode had the smallest size of 0.23 ㎛ for the 0.3 mm balls. Using ethanol and/or stearic acid as process control agents was effective in particle refinement. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that dehydrogenation of the milled powder started at a relatively low temperature compared to the raw powder, which is interpreted to have resulted from a decrease in particle size and an increase in defects. The dehydrogenation kinetics of the TiH₂ powder were evaluated by the magnitude of peak shift with heating rates using thermogravimetric analysis. The activation energy of the dehydrogenation reaction, calculated from the slope of the Kissinger plot, was measured to be 228.6 kJ/mol for the raw powder and 194.5 kJ/mol for the milled powder. TEM analysis revealed that both the milled and dehydrogenated powders showed an angular shape with a size of about 200 nm.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.445-458
• /
• 2007

단일과정 접착제를 이용함에 있어 복합레진과의 부적합성을 개선하고자 중간레진이 결합에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다. Experimental single step system (Bisco Ltd., Schaumburg, IL)을 대조군으로 하고 6종의 중간레진을 접착제의 중합여부, 복합레진의 광중합-자가중합 여부로 분류하였다. 상아질에 대한 광중합 또는 자가중합형 복합레진의 결합강도를 측정하고 접착계면에 대한 투과전자현미경 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 중간레진의 적용은 광중합형 복합레진의 결합강도를 증가시키지 않았다. 2. 자가중합형 복합레진의 결합강도는 중간레진을 적용할 경우 증가하였다. 3. 중간레진의 적용 전 접착제의 중합여부는 결합강도의 변화에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 4. 중간레진이 친수성일 때 소수성 중간레진을 적용할 때 보다 높은 결합강도를 나타냈으나 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 광중합형 복합레진의 수복 시 단일과정 접착제를 사용하는 것은 초기 결합강도에 영향을 미치지 않으며, 자가중합형 복합레진을 단일과정 접착제와 사용할 때는 접착층의 투과도를 감소시키는 소수성의 중간레진을 적용하여 부적합성을 해소할 수 있을 것이다.