• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 2009

To investigate the characteristics of moisture content (MC), moisture distribution and starting point of drainage in a rockwool slab culture, time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were used in a drip irrigation system. MC values ($0{\sim}100%$) measured by TDR sensors in a slab were compared to those by loadcells. Seventy two seedlings of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) were cultured for $5{\sim}6$ months in a green-house and the starting point of irrigation was determined by the average value of three TDR sensors which were inserted diagonally across the slabs under the plants. MCs as a standard for starting point of irrigation by TDR were determined with 40%, 50%, and 60%. Distribution of MCs in a slab measured with five TDR sensors equally spaced from two irrigation points were not much different when the MC in the slab increased from zero to saturation point. The saturated MCs in the slab were presented at $58{\sim}65%$ and the drain was started when the MC became around $50{\sim}55%$. At the saturated MC in the slab, TDR sensors presented 100% but the values from the loadcell showed 90% at the same time. However, measurement errors between two methods for MC remarkably decreased with a decrease in the MC in a slab. Especially when the MC was maintaining below 60%, the errors between TDR and loadcell methods for measuring MC in the rock-wool slab were less than 5%. There were no significant differences in number of fruits and fresh and dry weights of fruits when they were cultured under the different MC conditions with three irrigation regimes (40%, 50%, and 60%). These results indicated that the MC control by TDR sensors in a rock-wool based paprika culture can be suggested as a method to determine the starting point of irrigation for a soilless culture system.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.229-235
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• 2007

관개나 수분수지 규명을 위한 기본적인 자료는 토양수분 함량이다. 그러나, 포장상태에서의 토양수분 함량은 직접 측정하는 것이 쉽지 않기 때문에 많은 경우 건조기를 이용한 중량수분 함량측정 방법을 이용하거나 토양수분 포텐셜 측정용인 텐시오미터를 이용한 토양수분의 에너지 특성을 관개에 활용하는 것이 현실이었다. 중량수분 함량은 시료를 채취해서 건조하기 때문에 시료채취 당시의 토양수분 함량을 아는 것이 어렵고, 토양수분 포텐셜은 에너지를 측정하는 것이기 때문에 이 역시 토양의 수분함량을 얻는 것이 불가능 하다. 따라서, 최근에 이런 측정상의 어려움을 극복하기 위해 여러 나라에서 포장에서의 토양수분 함량을 직접 측정하는 다양한 센서를 개발하고 있고 있다. 그 중 몇 가지는 현재 우리나라에 공급되고 있는데, 가격 등의 문제로 별로 알려져 있지는 않다. 센서는 현장에서 수분함량을 파악할 수 있는 장점이 있기 때문에 관개에 직접 적용이 가능하며 자동화시설이나 수분수지 모형 산정에도 활용할 수 있다. 본 시험은 우리나라에 소개되어 있는 몇 가지의 토양수분 측정용 센서를 현장에서 코어를 이용해 측정한 용적수분 함량과 비교하여 센서의 정확도나 이용 가능성을 검정하고자 하였다. 코어를 이용해 실측한 토양 용적수분 함량과 비교하고자 7종의 센서를 선택해 실험에 이용하였다. 가격이 비싼 것으로 알려진 TDR 형태의 센서가 2종이었으며, 나머지 5종은 FDR 형태의 센서였다. TDR 센서는 Soilmoisture사에서 제작한 MiniTrase와 Imko 사의 Trime이고, FDR은 Sentek사에서 개발한 EasyAG, EnviroSCAN과 Delta-T사에서 제작한 PR-1과 WET-2 및 Decagon사에서 제작한 $ECH_2O$ 센서였다. 실헙방법은 본량사양토인 포장에서 건조한 상태인 시험구와 물이 포화된 시험구를 만들어 놓고, 그곳에서 센서 종류별로, 측정 깊이별로 토양의 용적수분 함량을 측정하고, 센서로 측정한 위치 바로 옆에서 코어를 이용해 토양시료를 채취하고 이를 건조기에 건조해 용적수분 함량을 측정하였다. 비교결과 TDR인 MiniTrase가 결정계수$(r^2)$가 0.964이고 표준오차(SE)가 0.01로 좋은 결과를 보여줬고 WET-2가 $r^2$와 SE가 0.932와 0.013이였으며 EasyAG는 0.877과 0.0211, EnviroSCAN은 0.803과 0.0259의 값을 보였다. 일반적으로 토양수분 함량 측정오차가 1% 미만인 센서가 정확한 수분함량 해석을 유도할 것이지만 위의 센서 중 MiniTrase를 비롯한 4개의 센서 정도가 토양의 수분 함량을 측정하는데 유용할 것이라는 결론을 얻었다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.53-67
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• 2012

In this research, stainless steel and heat-shrinkage tube were used for new TDR sensing line to solve the problems of ordinary TDR system. The new TDR line improved the sensitivity of water content and endurance, and reduced the data noise. The saturation degree test and acryl model test were done by revised TDR sensor. From the results, without additional data filtering and quantitative analysis, the raw data were separated into 3 zones; saturated, unsaturated and dried zones easily. In addition, the revised TDR sensor was installed in large-scale embankment model to perform the seepage test. The raw data of the model tests showed the distributed seepage behaviors and separated zones clearly, which were almost the same tendencies as the lab test results.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2009

This study was to verify and calibrate seven kinds of soil water sensors for volumetric soil water content(VSWC) measurement under field. Types of sensors were TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) and FDR(Frequency Domain Reflectometry). Two kinds of TDR were TRIME(profile type), and Mini-TRASE(rod type). Five kinds of FDR were EasyAG, EnviroSCAN, PR-1(profile type), and WET-1(rod type). VSWC by TRIME and Mini-TRASE compared with VSWC by soil core showed the standard error of about 2.4%, and 1.4% which is the smallest value among all the sensors used in the experiment, respectively. The errors of EasyAG and EnviroSCAN analyzed with scaled frequency(SF) were about 2.6%, and 2.8% and those by 1 versus 1 correspondence were about 2.6%, and 2.6%, respectively. WET-1 showed about 2.0% of error, which is the smallest value among errors by FDR sensors. PR-1 with the error of about 4.7% should be hard for application in field. Therefore, users on soil water sensors have to take into consideration the errors of sensors revealed after the calibration for the correct measurement of VSWC in field. The rest except for PR-1 among the sensors could be used for VSWC measurement with 1.4~2.6% error.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.89.1-89.1
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• 2010

본 연구는 토양의 함수비를 측정하기 위하여 TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry, 시간영역 광전자파 분석기) 방식의 함수센서(CS616)에 대한 올바른 보정시험을 제안하기 위하여 피복두께, 센서간 간섭 영향, 온도의 영향 및 다짐율 변화에 대한 실내 시험을 수행하였다. 시험 결과 피복두께, 센서간 간섭 영향 및 온도의 영향은 체적함수비의 크기에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 오히려 보정시험시 정확한 체적함수비 조건을 유지하는 것이 중요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 보정시험을 수행할 때 다짐율까지 고려한 시험을 수행하는 노력에 비하여 얻어지는 체적함수비의 정확도의 크기는 다짐율과 주기를 고려하여 얻어진 회귀식을 살펴보면 주기에 비하여 상대적으로 영향이 작은 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.387-391
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• 2011

국내에서 사면 붕괴의 직접적인 원인은 강우에 의한 것으로 볼 수 있으며, 강우침투에 따른 지하수위 상승과 간극수압 증가, 강우강도 크기에 직접적으로 영향을 받는 지표면 유출로 인한 사면의 표면토사 유출 및 얕은 사면붕괴로 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 강우로 인한 지반내 침투로 불포화토가 포화토로 변화는 과정에서 침투능을 산정하고자 기존의 침투공식을 검토하고 TDR 센서를 이용한 실내실험을 통한 침투능 산정공식을 제시하였다. 제시한 침투능 산정공식을 검증하기 위한 침투실험을 수행하여 결과를 비교 분석하였으며, 이론적 해석 및 실내실험에 의한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 포화도 변화에 따른 TDR데이터 변화는 일정했으며 이를 회귀분석을 통하여 함수화하였고, 이 함수를 이용하여 지반의 포화도 및 함수비를 파악할 수 있었다. 둘째, 흡인수두항과 중력수두항이 결합된 연속적인 침투능 산정공식을 새로이 유도하였으며, 이를 이용한 결과와 TDR 센서를 이용한 실험결과와 거의 유사함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2010

The research presents moisture content measuring and calibration method of road pavement, especially asphalt concrete pavement for performance evaluation or remaining life prediction using Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) sensor, CS616 made by campbell INC. Before calibration test of CS616, accomplished a sensor verification tests. Verification test items were covering depth and interference effect of two CS616 sensors, temperature effects between $5^{\circ}C\sim25^{\circ}C$ and compaction ratio effects. Covering depth and interference effects between two CS616 sensors were just small and the effects of temperature and compaction ratio effected a Volumetric Moisture Contents at $\pm6%$ under disregard appeared with the fact that was possible. Also, obtained the calibration equation of the subgrade and subbase course, $R^2$ showed above of all 0.9.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.89-99
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• 2019

In this study, we estimated the spatially-distributed soil moisture at the high resolution ($10m{\times}10m$) using the satellite-based Sentinel-1A/B SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensor images. The Sentinel-1A/B raw data were pre-processed using the SNAP (Sentinel Application Platform) tool provided from ESA (European Space Agency), and then the pre-processed data were converted to the backscatter coefficients. The regression equations were derived based on the relationships between the TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry)-based soil moisture measurements and the converted backscatter coefficients. The TDR measurements from the 51 RDA (Rural Development Administration) monitoring sites were used to derive the regression equations. Then, the soil moisture values were estimated using the derived regression equations with the input data of Sentinel-1A/B based backscatter coefficients. Overall, the soil moisture estimates showed the linear trends compared to the TDR measurements with the high Pearson's correlations (more than 0.7). The Sentinel-1A/B based soil moisture values matched well with the TDR measurements with various land surface conditions (bare soil, crop, forest, and urban), especially for bare soil (R: 0.885~0.910 and RMSE: 3.162~4.609). However, the Mandae-ri (forest) and Taean-eup (urban) sites showed the negative correlations with the TDR measurements. These uncertainties might be due to limitations of soil surface penetration depths of SAR sensors and complicated land surface conditions (artificial constructions near the TDR site) at urban regions. These results may infer that qualities of Sentinel-1A/B based soil moisture products are dependent on land surface conditions. Although uncertainties exist, the Sentinel-1A/B based high-resolution soil moisture products could be useful in various areas (hydrology, agriculture, drought, flood, wild fire, etc.).

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.415-419
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• 2021

We developed a highly accurate, yet inexpensive, refractive index (RI)-based soil moisture sensor. To detect the RI, a light guide was set with a light-emitting diode and photodiode. When the air fills the space between the soil particles, most of the incident light is reflected at the interface between the waveguide and the air because of the large RI difference. As the moisture of the soil increases, the macroscopic soil RI increases. This allows incident light to pass through the interface. The intensity of the light reaching the photodiode was simulated according to the change in the soil RI. Using the simulation results, we designed and manufactured a curved glass waveguide. We evaluated the performance of the RI-based soil sensor by comparing it with a commercially available, high-cost and high-performance time-domain reflectometer (TDR). Our sensor was 96% accurate, surpassing the costly TDR sensor.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect the water content in coir substrates as according to growth stage on the growth and yield of mini-paprika of three varieties 'E 499524' (red color), 'E 499526' (yellow colar) and 'E 499531' (orange colar) in summer hydroponics. Treatments of I, II and III were composed of 55-65-60, 50-60-55 and 45-55-50% in water contents of growth stages, respectively. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were used in a drip irrigation system. The early growth of mini-paprika was increased by high medium water content of treatment I in all of three varieties. Mean fruit weight was not affected by medium water content, but the fruit number per plant and yield were increased at high medium water content of treatment I. The Yield of treatment I was higher than that of treatment II and III in all of three varieties. The sugar content was increased by low medium water content of treatment in all of three varieties. The incidence of brown-stem fruit, blossom-end rot and sunburn was decreased with increasing water content of medium. Occurred in the low water content of medium. Mineral contents of fruits such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) etc. were not affected in all of three varieties.