• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.248-255
• /
• 2002

Background: TAP1 and TAP2 are two ABC transporter genes located within the class II region of the human MHC. Their protein products form a heterodimer whose function is to transport peptides from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum. This study was performed to examine the polymorphism of TAP genes and the distribution of HLA-TAP haplotypes in the Korean population through family analysis. Methods: The subjects used in this study were 50 healthy Korean families consisting of 233 individuals. TAP1 (codons 333 and 637) and TAP2 (codons 379, 565, 577, 651, 665, and 687) typings were carried out by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genotyping results from a previous study were used for HLA-TAP haplotype analysis. Results: The number (gene frequency) of TAP1 and TAP2 alleles detected were 3 for TAP1 (A 81.5%, B 17.0%, and C 1.5%) and 8 for TAP2 (A1 32.0%, A2 12.5%, B 34.0%, Bky2 6.5%, C 7.0%, D 3.0%, E 4.5%, and G 0.5%). Eleven TAP1-TAP2 haplotypes were observed with $frequency{\geq}1%$, among which 4 haplotypes (A-B, B-A1, A-Bky2, and C-E) showed weak but significant positive linkage disequilibrium (P<0.05). When DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes were extended to TAP1 and TAP2 loci, much diversification of haplotypes was observed: 19 different DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes formed 58 different haplotypes extended to TAP1 and TAP2 loci. These results add more evidence to the view that recombination hotspot is present within and around TAP gene region. Conclusion: The allele frequencies of TAP1 and TAP2 genes and the distribution of TAP1-TAP2 and HLA-TAP haplotypes were studied in Koreans based on a family study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권9호
• /
• pp.5213-5217
• /
• 2013

Transporter associated with antigen presenting (TAP) 1 and TAP2 genes are localized in the major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II region and form a heterodimer playing a key role in endogenous pathways for antigen presentation. Defects of these genes have been reported to be common in different types of cancer. Polymorphisms identified in these loci have also been investigated and reported to be associated with several autoimmune disorders, viral infections and neoplasms. In the present study, for the first time, the allele and genotype frequencies of TAP1-333, TAP2-565, TAP2-651 and TAP2-665 were determined in patients with hematological malignancies (HM) using a PCR-RFLP method and compared with the frequencies in the control group. Our results suggested an association of TAP1-333 polymorphism with multiple myeloma-MM and TAP2-565 polymorphism with chronic lymphoid leukemia-CLL. In addition, it could be concluded that the TAP2-665 GG genotype might be a risk factor for all types of hematological malignancies included in this study.

• KNOM Review
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.26-34
• /
• 2018

클라우드 컴퓨팅 및 서비스의 확산으로 인터넷 트래픽과 서비스 품질 향상에 대한 요구가 증가하면서 데이터 센터 내부 서버의 리소스를 보다 효율적으로 사용하는 서버 가상화와 네트워크 가상화 기술에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 트래픽 모니터링을 위해 패킷을 복제하는 기존의 하드웨어 TAP (Test Access Port) 장비는 서버 가상화 환경에서 구성된 가상 데이터 경로 (datapath)에 적합하지 않기 때문에 하드웨어 TAP 장비를 소프트웨어로 구현한 Virtual TAP (vTAP)을 통해 가상 스위치에서 패킷을 복제한다. 그러나 가상 스위치에서 vTAP을 구현하면 호스트 머신의 컴퓨팅 리소스를 가상 스위치 및 가상 머신과 공유하기 때문에 성능 저하 문제가 발생한다. 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 고속 패킷 처리 기술인 eBPF (Extended Berkeley Packet Filter) 기반의 vTAP 구현 기술을 제안하고 기존 방법과 성능을 비교한다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.47-50
• /
• 2005

A survey was carried out from August to December 2004 in Pusan, Korea to document the presence of free-living amoeba (FLA), including the genus Acanthamoeba, in both contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water. Acanthamoeba was isolated from $5(4.2\%)$ in 120 contact lens storage cases. Four house tap water samples from residents, whose contact lens storage cases had been contaminated by Acanthamoeba, were also found to be contaminated with Acanthamoeba. Therefore, the contamination rate of FLA and Acanthamoeba in domestic tap water was investigated in order to examine the role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination of contact lens storage cases. FLA and Acanthamoeba were identified in $97(46.8\%)\;and\;16(7.7\%)$ of the 207 domestic tap water samples, respectively. There were no significant differences between the contamination rates of FLA in tap water according to the filtration plant of origin. No FLA was detected in the tap water directly supplied by the water purification plants. Water storage tanks appear to promote FLA colonization, including Acanthamoeba, in domestic tap water. This increases the risk of Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases as well as increasing the risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 1993

Since November 1990, the observations of carbon dioxide$(CO_2)$ levels have been carried out at Tae-ahn Peninsula(TAP) in Korea. Analysis on atmospheric data obtained in the period from November 1990 to August 1992 is carried out and the results are included in this study. It is observed that variations of monthly average level on $CO_2$ are in the range of 315.72 $\sim$ 365.37ppm(amplitude 17.65ppm). The seasonal variation is large with a maximum occurring in March-April and with a minimum in July-August. A comparison of TAP data is made with data obtained at Ryori in Japan for 1991. The annual average value of TAP is 1.79ppm higher than that of Ryori. It is also found that in summer the minimum level of $CO_2$ at TAP is almost same as the $CO_2$ level occurring at Quinghai Province in China and at Ulaan Uul in Mongolia. Albeit, a maximum concentration of $CO_2$ at TAP is slightly higher than that of the same gas observed at other sites in spring. We interpret that TAP is generally under the influence of airflows coming from China. According to analysis of trajectories and airflows, we find the high values of $CO_2$ when an air flow is originated mainly from China and when an airflow is both of local(Korea) and of China origins. In contrast, when an airflow of maritime origin arrives, a low value of the atmospheric constituent is observed at TAP.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.155-163
• /
• 2015

Many advanced treatment processes have been introduced to WTPs, however, the consumer confidence on tap water is still low and the percentage of drinking water directly from the tap is less than 2 %. One of the methods to improve the credibility of tap water is to introduce a drinking water certification system. By introducing the system, water treatment processes can be optimized, which in turn, can significantly improve drinking water quality. In this paper, 6 water quality parameters(i.e., turbidity, CT, residual chlorine, geosmin, 2-MIB, Mn) which have significant influences on tap water quality and consumer confidence were identified, and their recommended guidelines were proposed. 3-Star or 5-Star certification can be awarded to the WTPs which have met the certification criteria. The drinking water certification system can be carried out as a voluntary program among drinking water suppliers.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2002

Volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) contained in chlorinated tap water are released into household air during indoor activities (showering, cooking, dish -washing, etc.) associated with tap water uses and may cause adverse health effects on humans. Twenty seven subjects were recruited and their homes were visited during the winter of 2002. Tap water, household air, and exhaled breath samples were collected and analyzed for five volatile DBPs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1 -dichloropropanone and 1,1,1 trichloropropanone). Chloroform was a major DBP found in most samples. Tap water chloroform concentrations were not statistically correlated with its household air concentrations, probably due to individual variability in indoor activities such as showering, cooking, and dish - washing as well as household ventilation. Correlation of breath chloroform concentration with household air chloroform concentration showed its possible use as a biomarker of exposure to household air chloroform. Exposure estimates suggested that inhalation during household stay be a major route of exposure to volatile DBPs and that ingestion of tap water be a trivial contributor to the total exposure in Koreans.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국미생물학회 2000년도 International Meeting 2000
• /
• pp.94-101
• /
• 2000

We investigated the viral contamination of water environment including tap water in Korea. River water used for source water was analyzed about monthly between 1997 and 1999 over a period 26 months. A total of 22 tap water samples were collected in 10 sites in 2 urban areas between 1997 and 1998 over a 11 months. All samples were examined for infectious enteroviruses and adenoviruses by a cell culture technique followed by PCR amplification. To identify the recovered viruses from tap water, sequence analysis of PCR products was performed. Infectious viral particles were detected in river water all year round, ranging from 0.93 to 17.3 Most Probable Number of Infectious Unit (MPNIU) /100L. Tap water samples also contained infectious viral particles. The frequency of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in tap water were $50.0\%$ (11/22) and $36.7\%$ (8/22), respectively. Both enteroviruses and adenoviruses were detected in five tap water samples $(22.7\%)$. The level of viral contamination in tap water was quite high, ranging from 0.2 to 2.9 MPNIU/100L, far above the recommended virus level in drinking water set by the U.S. EPA. Poliovirus type 1 derived from vaccine was frequently detected and the remainder comprised coxsackievirus B type or echovirus type 6, which were causative agents of aseptic meningitis in Korea in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Several types of adenovirus were detected in tap water samples and some water samples were found to contain adenoviruses which were closely related to enteric adenovirus type 40 and 41. This stusy shows that surface water and tap water in Korea may be exposed to the risk of viral contamination, especially from recently recognized viruses and this constitutes a potential public health hazard.

• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.3-8
• /
• 2012

Chemical compositions and lead isotope ratios for four glass bead samples of Seokga-tap were analyzed and the results were organized. Among 4 glass beads found in the Seokga-tap, 3 pieces were lead glass. Manufacturing method was to firstly grind pebbles finely and mix lead ore to be melt at $740{\sim}760^{\circ}C$. The mixed ratio of silica and lead was 3:7. Moreover, The evaluation on the lead isotope ratio indicated that two lead glass pieces used lead ore from northern Korea. One piece has the direction of southern Korea lead ore, but it requires a further review. One glass bead of Seokga-tap was brown and it was potash lead glass ($K_2O-PbO-SiO_2$) System. The mixed ratio was approximately 50:10:40 for silica, natural saltpeter, and lead, respectively. Lead isotope ratio data fell within the lead ore from northern China. Therefore, it was concluded that potash lead glass found in the Seokga-tap was produced in northern area of China at the end of $10^{th}$ century and transferred to the Seokga-tap.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제49권5호
• /
• pp.344-349
• /
• 2016

Background: Monocusp reconstruction with a transannular patch (TAP) results in early improvement because it relieves residual volume hypertension during the immediate postoperative period. However, few reports have assessed the long-term surgical outcomes of this procedure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the mid-term surgical outcomes of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair using monocusp reconstruction with a TAP. Methods: Between March 2000 and March 2009, 36 patients with a TOF received a TAP. A TAP with monocusp reconstruction (group I) was used in 25 patients and a TAP without monocusp reconstruction (group II) was used in 11 patients. We evaluated hemodynamic parameters using echocardiography during the follow-up period in both groups. Results: At the most recent follow-up echocardiography (mean follow-up, 8.2 years), the mean pulmonary valve velocities of the patients in group I and group II were $2.1{\pm}1.0m/sec$ and $0.9{\pm}0.9m/sec$, respectively (p=0.001). Although the incidence of grade 3-4 pulmonary regurgitation (PR) was not significantly different between the two groups (group I: 16 patients, 64.0%; group II: 7 patients, 70.0%; p=0.735) during the follow-up period, the interval between the treatment and the incidence of PR aggravation was longer in group I than in group II (group I: $6.5{\pm}3.4years$; group II: $3.8{\pm}2.2years$; p=0.037). Conclusion: Monocusp reconstruction with a TAP prolonged the interval between the initial treatment and grade 3-4 PR aggravation. Patients who received a TAP with monocusp reconstruction to repair TOF were not to progress to pulmonary stenosis during the follow-up period as those who received a TAP without monocusp reconstruction.